Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a kind of external trauma-induced brain function alteration, has posed a financial burden on the public health system. TBI pathogenesis involves a complicated set of events, including primary and secondary injuries that can cause mitochondrial damage. Mitophagy, a process in which defective mitochondria are specifically degraded, segregates and degrades defective mitochondria allowing a healthier mitochondrial network. Mitophagy ensures that mitochondria remain healthy during TBI, determining whether neurons live or die. Mitophagy acts as a critical regulator in maintaining neuronal survival and healthy. This review will discuss the TBI pathophysiology and the consequences of the damage it causes to mitochondria. This review article will explore the mitophagy process, its key factors, and pathways and reveal the role of mitophagy in TBI. Mitophagy will be further recognized as a therapeutic approach in TBI. This review will offer new insights into mitophagy’s role in TBI progression.

Background Inadequate postoperative analgesia is related to increased risks of many postoperative complications, prolonged hospital stay, declined quality of life, and increased costs. Objectives This study investigated the risk factors for moderate-to-severe postoperative pain during the first 24 hours and 24–48 hours after major hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery. Methods Data of patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery in Henan Provincial People's Hospital were collected from January 2018 to August 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors of postoperative pain. Results In total, 2,180 patients were included in the final analysis. 183 patients (8.4%) suffered moderate-to-severe pain within 24 hours after operation. The independent risk factors associated with moderate-to-severe pain 24 hours after procedures were younger age (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95 to 0.98, P < 0.001), lower BMI (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89 to 0.98, P = 0.018), open surgery (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.52, P < 0.001), and postoperative analgesia protocol with sufentanil (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 3.2 to 5.99, P < 0.001). Postoperative hospital stay was longer in patients with inadequate analgesia (P < 0.05). Conclusion Age, BMI, laparoscopic surgery, and different analgesic drugs were significant predictors of postoperative pain after major hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100049726