The article is an overview of various materials used in power hydraulics for basic hydraulic actuators components such as cylinders, cylinder caps, pistons, piston rods, glands, and sealing systems. The aim of this review is to systematize the state of the art in the field of materials and surface modification methods used in the production of actuators. The paper discusses the requirements for the elements of actuators and analyzes the existing literature in terms of appearing failures and damages. The most frequently applied materials used in power hydraulics are described, and various surface modifications of the discussed elements, which are aimed at improving the operating parameters of actuators, are presented. The most frequently used materials for actuators elements are iron alloys. However, due to rising ecological requirements, there is a tendency to looking for modern replacements to obtain the same or even better mechanical or tribological parameters. Sealing systems are manufactured mainly from thermoplastic or elastomeric polymers, which are characterized by low friction and ensure the best possible interaction of seals with the cooperating element. In the field of surface modification, among others, the issue of chromium plating of piston rods has been discussed, which, due, to the toxicity of hexavalent chromium, should be replaced by other methods of improving surface properties.
The article presents the experimental investigation of low-lifting capacity hydraulic scissor lift energy consumption. The analysis is based on experimental tests of two individual drives of the scissor lift: the conventional one and the variable-speed electro-hydraulic one. The investigation focuses on the study of the total energy consumption for lifting and lowering the scissor lift with different masses of transported cargo and also power consumptions of each element supplying these systems. Particular attention was paid to the significant impact of power supply on each control component as the main factor of reduction in the energetic efficiency of the low-lifting capacity scissor lift. A comparison of both drives indicated that the mass of transported cargo has a significant influence on the choice of the drive used. Results of the research show that significant energetic savings are obtained, as the modernized propulsion system consumes 67% energy of the standard one. A decrease in the percentage of energy losses with the increase in the mass handled led to the conclusion that the enhancement of propulsion systems in scissor lifts should be especially considered in machines carrying big loads.
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