Resumo: No presente trabalho, visamos ampliar discussões acerca das diferentes faces da interação Universidade-Escola, com base na apresentação de relatos de experiências sobre o Projeto Primeiros Passos na Ciência e em reflexões teóricas sobre o contexto universitário, motivadas pela prática vivenciada. O projeto em questão foi desenvolvido por alunos de pósgraduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Celular e Molecular) da UNESP, Campus de Rio Claro-SP em parceria com a Escola Estadual Prof. Marciano de Toledo Piza, de ensino médio, da cidade de Rio Claro, estado de São Paulo. Este projeto teve o objetivo de introduzir o aluno do Ensino Médio no cotidiano da pesquisa universitária na área de Biologia Celular e Molecular, com a expectativa de promover a aproximação destes alunos com o desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico e o ambiente universitário. Com a realização desse projeto, a Universidade teve a chance de adentrar no contexto dos alunos de Educação Básica, mais especificamente do Ensino Médio público. Esses novos conhecimentos podem criar a possibilidade de um futuro diferente, com mais conhecimentos científicos e instigando a reflexão a partir da rotina da Universidade e seu contexto. A experiência resultou na divulgação científica, no contato do aluno do Ensino Médio com o método científico e toda a técnica e objetividade que dele derivam, ampliando os laços comunidade-universidade.Abstract: In the present study, we intend to expand the discussion about different approaches of the University-School interaction, based on the presentation of an account of experiences with the First Steps in Science Project and theoretical reflections on the University context motivated by the lived experience. The project in question was developed by graduate students in Biological Sciences (Cell and Molecular Biology) at UNESP, Rio Claro/SP (Brazil), in partnership with Escola Estadual Prof. Marciano de Toledo Piza a public high school in the city of Rio Claro, State of São Paulo. This project had the objective of introducing high school students to the routine of university research in the area of Cell and Molecular Biology, with the expectation of promoting the approximation of these students with the development of scientific knowledge and the university environment. With the realization of this project, the University had the opportunity to better understand the primary education context of the students, specifically within public high schools. This new knowledge can create the possibility of a different future, with more scientific properties and instigating the reflection from the routine of the University and its context. The experience resulted in scientific dissemination, high school students' contact with the scientific method, and all the technique and objectivity derived from it, expanding community-university ties.
Cytogenetics can be a useful tool to assist in taxonomic problems by adding information to the widely used morphological and molecular approaches. These taxonomic problems are especially common in anurans, once they are very diverse, highly polymorphic, and present many cryptic species. The genus Thoropa Cope, 1865 is composed of six specialist species that reproduce in rocky outcrops and are distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado ecotones. Phylogenetic studies point to possible cryptic species within the T. miliaris group. To assist in the evolutionary and taxonomic understanding of this group, classical cytogenetic techniques were used to find possible molecular markers for the genus through rDNA5S, rDNA18S, and U2snDNA probes and analyze their chromosome distribution in the group of T. miliaris. Despite the well conserved karyotype under conventional staining and classical techniques, such as Ag-NOR, our C-banding results showed differences in the centromeric heterochromatin concentration between two populations of T. miliaris. Furthermore, some differences among the populations and species were found for rDNA5S and U2snDNA. This study contributes to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships within the genus; however, the use of different probe sequences, such as satDNA, is essential for a more robust cytogenetic analysis.
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is a class of molecules involved in the processing of pre-mRNA and in regulatory cell processes. snRNAs are always associated with a set of specific proteins. The complexes are referred to as small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, and spliceosome U RNAs are their most common snRNA components. The repetitive sequences of U snDNAs have been cytogenetically mapped in several species of Arthropoda, fishes, and mammals; however, their distribution remains unknown in amphibians. Here, we show results of FISH mapping of U2 snDNA repetitive sequences in species of the amphibian genus <i>Leptodactylus</i> to reveal the distribution patterns of this sequence in their karyotypes. The probe hybridized in the metacentric chromosome pair 6 in <i>Leptodactylus fuscus</i>, <i>L. gracilis</i>, <i>L. latrans</i>, <i>L. chaquensis</i>, <i>L. petersii</i>, <i>L. podicipinus</i>, and <i>L. brevipes</i>. A different pattern was observed in <i>L. labyrinthicus</i> with hybridization signals in 4 chromosome pairs. The same localization of U2 gene sequences in most of the species analyzed suggests a relatively conserved pattern and a similarity of the chromosome 6 among these species of <i>Leptodactylus</i>.
Taxonomic and cytogenetic aspects of Proceratophrys have not been thoroughly clarifi ed in the literature; thus, the objective of the present study was to provide unprecedent karyotype data regarding P. schirchi, P. laticeps and P. melanopogon.Additionally, the karyotype of P. boiei (2n = 22) and its ZZ / ZW sex chromosome system was analyzed for different populations of southeastern and southern Brazil. All Proceratophrys species have a diploid number of 2n = 22 chromosomes. In P. schirchi, a strong C-band was found in the long arm in one of the homologues of the pair 8 in female metaphasic cells, denoting that this chromosome pair could represent the heteromorphic sex chromosome in a ZZ / ZW sex system. Despite the conserved number of chromosomes, there are considerable chromosomal differences in P. melanopogon and P. boiei (southern Brazil), strongly differentiating them cytogenetically from other species of the genus. Moreover, with the confi rmation of chromosomal heteromorphism related to sexual differentiation in P. boiei and the possible description of this system in P. schirchi, the Proceratophrys genus can be regarded as an interesting group for evolutionary studies and sex chromosome differentiation in anurans.
A ordem Anura abriga uma enorme diversidade, com atualmente 6554 espécies descritas para o mundo, sendo 988 só para Brasil. Para diferenciar espécies de anuros, normalmente compara-se características morfológicas, padrões de coloração, bioacústica, ecologia, comportamento e dados moleculares. Muitas espécies, de diversos táxons, foram cariotipadas até hoje e a comparação dos cariótipos entre grupos ou espécies pode mostrar tanto variação quanto conservação cromossômica, sendo que a variação cariotípica está evidentemente associada à especiação em inúmeros casos. A comparação entre cariótipos de espécies relacionadas pode auxiliar no entendimento dos mecanismos que envolvem a evolução cromossômica, ajudar esclarecer problemas taxonômicos, inclusive corroborando a existência de novas espécies, além de diferenciar espécies crípticas. Entre os anuros, porém, o estudo citogenético ainda é escasso, especialmente levando em conta o tamanho da diversidade do grupo. O gênero Thoropa pertence atualmente à família Cycloramphidae e é um gênero pouco estudado, especialmente do ponto de vista citogenético, com algumas poucas análises feitas apenas sob coloração convencional para T. miliaris. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi apresentar informações cariotípicas sobre duas espécies do gênero: Thoropa cf. miliaris e T. megatympanum. Foram feitas marcações por nitrato de prata (Ag-RON) e hibridação in situ fluorescente (FISH) de DNA 18S para T. cf. miliaris e marcação convencional por Giemsa para determinar o cariótipo de T. megatympanum. O número diploide se mostrou conservado para ambas as espécies, com 26 cromossomos, e a marcação por prata apontou o par 6 como sendo portador da RON, confirmada posteriormente pela FISH. Esses resultados ajudam tanto a enriquecer informações citogenéticas quanto a contribuir na elucidação de problemáticas taxonômicas do gênero.
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