This article presents a flexible and efficient tool to the field of ship project and preliminary design by using an approach of parametric modeling of hull forms. The state of the art of design of hulls consists in an iterative process where, first, geometric, stability and hydrodynamic parameters are defined. After that, the hull is modeled through parametric curves, simulated in a performance analysis software, and, after that, it is taken the decision to optimize the initial parameters. The cycle repeats until it reaches the desired result. This work deals with the part of parametric modeling, and is capable to generate, in an automatic way, optimized curves that compose the design of the hull of a yacht. The tool receives high level parameters, such as non-dimensional ratios, coefficients and restrictions, and draws a three-dimensional hull, intrinsically fair, fulfilling all the specified parameters. A methodology for the design of sailboats is presented together with B-Splines curves, submitted to an optimization algorithm, using fairness criteria as the objective function. The optimization problem of B-Splines curves is not linear, because of its mathematical formulation, the objective function and constraints adopted. Therefore, a method of Sequential Quadratic Programming is used. For the optimization of the main parameters of the hull, a cost-effective methodology, based on the Surface Response Method, is proposed, optimizing a merit criterion, such as, the residuary resistance, changing two parameters of the hull. The interface with CAD software is implemented in order to allow other analyses, such as surface curvature, and the design of the other parts of the boat. The drawing also can be transformed into a solid model, and integrated with a CAM software to be ready for its manufacturing.
Análise de risco. Sistema de alarmes. Erro humano. Fatores humanos. Fatores organizacionais.
In complex systems, such as vessels and commercial ships, the ability to understand and influence human behavior is essential to ensure safety and reliability. According to statistics of classification societies (Rothblum, 2000; ALERT!, 2003), humans are largely responsible for accidents on board and, therefore, are considered a major component of the dependability of vessels. This paper presents a proposal on how to address the human and organizational factors in risk analysis for ships, focusing on the scenarios where the crew interacts with the alarm and monitoring system. In order to illustrate the steps and assumptions to be done by an analyst applying the proposed model, the accident of the vessel Maersk Doha occurred in October of 2006 in the United States, is analyzed. The report on the investigation of this accident is public and accessible via the Internet site of the Marine Accident Investigation Branch – MAIB. This approach has the intention to be a proactive tool to anticipate and prevent accidents on board by means of the correct design and use of the ship’s alarm system.
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