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Recently many researches have tried to establish relationships among several aspects of the labor market, using microdata from PNAD, PME and other da tabanks, and estimating models that have permitted a better understanding of the Brazilian labor market. In the present dissertation, we analyze the issue of labor force participation of women in two different aspects. Firstly, we show the evolution of the participation, disaggregated by some variables (education, age, race), in order to understand how each specific group of women responds in terms of participation between 1982 e 1997. We detected a significant increase in female participation rates, mainly among the women with 1 to 11 year of schooling, among married women and women of all races. We have then investigated the main determinants of the female participation in the labor force and of their evolution. Using a Probit model, and decomposing the TP FT evolution, we concluded that the education attainment was fundamental to the increase of the activity levels in the last years in Brazil. In addition, we emphasize the importance of the variable age and of the binary variable associated with married women.

There are hundreds of works that implement the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. However, this decomposition is not invariant to the choice of reference group when dummy variables are used. This paper applies the solution proposed by Yun (005a,b) for this identification problem to Brazilian gender wage gap estimation. Our principal finding is the increasing difference in part-time work coefficients between men and women, which contributes to narrow the gender wage gap. Other studies in Brazil not using any correction of the identification problem have found different results.
Há centenas de trabalhos que implementam a decomposição de Oaxaca-Blinder. Entretanto, esta decomposição não é invariante à escolha dos grupos de referência quando variáveis binárias são utilizadas como regressores. Este artigo aplica a solução proposta por Yun (005a,b) para este problema de identificação à estimação do diferencial de salários por sexo no Brasil. A crescente diferença entre homens e mulheres no coeficiente da regressão associado ao trabalho em meio período vem contribuindo para reduzir o diferencial de salários por sexo. Outros estudos já realizados no Brasil que não utilizaram qualquer correção do problema de identificação, encontraram resultados diferentes

O objetivo deste artigo é diagnosticar a existência da transmissão intergeracional do trabalho infantil, utilizando modelos Probit para as regiões rurais e urbanas do Brasil. Além disso, decompomos a variação do trabalho infantil entre 1992 e 2004 para investigar os fatores determinantes na queda do trabalho infantil no período. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que o fato de os pais terem sido trabalhadores infantis tem um efeito positivo e significante sobre a probabilidade de seus filhos trabalharem, tanto nas áreas urbanas quanto rurais do Brasil. Entretanto, a magnitude desse impacto é muito mais acentuada na zona rural. Além disso, um dos fatores principais para a queda da incidência do trabalho infantil no período foi o aumento da escolaridade dos pais e mães.

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Palavras-chavedesemprego, inatividade, mulher, mercado de trabalho, participação.Classificação JEL J16, J21, J64. Key wordsunemployment, inactivity, woman, labor market, participation.JEL Classification J16, J21, J64. ResumoAnalisar a evolução recente da estrutura do desemprego e da inatividade nas metrópoles brasileiras é o objetivo deste trabalho. Além de um panorama geral, foram realizadas aná-lises separadas por gênero. A resposta da inatividade para a variável "número de crianças no domicílio" é a que mais se destaca: há uma relação negativa para os homens, e positiva para as mulheres. Além disso, os padrões observados entre mulheres pobres e não pobres são muito diferenciados -a inatividade para as mulheres de renda baixa é significativamente maior -, refletindo diferenças de escolaridade e, provavelmente, dificuldades de acesso à creche. Abstract This paper examines the recent evolution of unemployment and inactivity in

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effect of being a beneficiary of the Bolsa Família Program (BFP) in the vaccination of children aged 13 to 35 months. METHODS: Our study was based on all birth records of residents of Ribeirão Preto (SP) and probabilistic sampling with 1/3 of the births of residents of São Luís (MA), selecting low-income children, born in 2010, belonging to the cohorts Brazilian Ribeirão Preto and São Luís Birth Cohort Studies and eligible for the Bolsa Família program. The information of Cadastro Único (CadÚnico – Single Registry) was used to categorize the receipt of benefit from the BFP (yes or no). The final sample consisted of 532 children in Ribeirão Preto and 1,229 in São Luís. The outcome variable was a childhood vaccine regimen, constructed with BCG, tetravalent, triple viral, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, rotavirus and yellow fever vaccines. The adjustment variables were: economic class, mother’s schooling and mother’s skin color. Children with monthly per capita family income of up to R$ 280.00 and/or economic class D/E were considered eligible for the benefit of the BFP. A theoretical model was constructed using a directed acyclic graph to estimate the effect of being a beneficiary of the BFP in the vaccination of low-income children. In the statistical analyses, weighing was used by the inverse of the probability of exposure and pairing by propensity score. RESULTS: Considering a monthly per capita family income of up to R$ 280.00, being a beneficiary of the BFP had no effect on the childhood vaccination schedule, according to weighing by the inverse of the probability of exposure (SL-coefficient: −0.01; 95%CI −0.07 to 0.04; p = 0.725 and RP-coefficient: 0.04; 95%CI −0.02 to 0.10; p = 0.244) and pairing by propensity score (SL-coefficient: −0.01; 95%CI −0.07 to 0.05; p = 0.744 and RP-coefficient: 0.04; 95%CI −0.02 to 0.10; p = 0.231). CONCLUSIONS: The receipt of the benefit of the BFP did not influence childhood vaccination, which is one of the conditionalities of the program. This may indicate that this conditionality is not being adequately monitored.