Analyses of forest loss and protected areas suggest that 36 to 57% of Amazonian tree flora may qualify as “globally threatened.”

Species distribution models (SDMs) are widely used in ecology and conservation. Presence-only SDMs such as MaxEnt frequently use natural history collections (NHCs) as occurrence data, given their huge numbers and accessibility. NHCs are often spatially biased which may generate inaccuracies in SDMs. Here, we test how the distribution of NHCs and MaxEnt predictions relates to a spatial abundance model, based on a large plot dataset for Amazonian tree species, using inverse distance weighting (IDW). We also propose a new pipeline to deal with inconsistencies in NHCs and to limit the area of occupancy of the species. We found a significant but weak positive relationship between the distribution of NHCs and IDW for 66% of the species. The relationship between SDMs and IDW was also significant but weakly positive for 95% of the species, and sensitivity for both analyses was high. Furthermore, the pipeline removed half of the NHCs records. Presence-only SDM applications should consider this limitation, especially for large biodiversity assessments projects, when they are automatically generated without subsequent checking. Our pipeline provides a conservative estimate of a species’ area of occupancy, within an area slightly larger than its extent of occurrence, compatible to e.g. IUCN red list assessments.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such “monodominant” forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors.

Amazonian forests are extraordinarily diverse, but the estimated species richness is very much debated. Here, we apply an ensemble of parametric estimators and a novel technique that includes conspecific spatial aggregation to an extended database of forest plots with up-to-date taxonomy. We show that the species abundance distribution of Amazonia is best approximated by a logseries with aggregated individuals, where aggregation increases with rarity. By averaging several methods to estimate total richness, we confirm that over 15,000 tree species are expected to occur in Amazonia. We also show that using ten times the number of plots would result in an increase to just ~50% of those 15,000 estimated species. To get a more complete sample of all tree species, rigorous field campaigns may be needed but the number of trees in Amazonia will remain an estimate for years to come.

Resumo -O presente trabalho teve por objetivo principal caracterizar a vegetação da área de exploração de petróleo da PETROBRAS, no rio Urucu, bem como dar subsídios para a utilização da floresta de forma organizada e produtiva, baseada em conhecimentos científicos, de modo não somente a produzir resultados econômicos mas principalmente conservar o ambiente. Os três hectares de floresta inventariada sustentam 2.241 indivíduos, abrangendo árvores, palmeiras e cipós com DAP> 10 cm, distribuídos em 577 espécies, 225 gêneros e 60 famílias. Três medidas de importância ecológica -abundância, dominância e freqüência -expressas como três porcentagens, foram somadas para obter um índice de Valor de Importância (IVI). As duas espécies com os maiores IV1E, em toda a área pesquisada, foram Eschweilera coriacea (DC.) S. A. Mori, com 15% no hectare 2 e E. wachenheimii (Benoist) Sandwith, com 14% no hectare 3. As famílias que obtiveram os maiores índices de Valor de Importância (IVIF), em média, nos 3 hectares, foram Lecythidaceae (51,6%), Sapotaceae (40,2%) e Chrysobalanaceae (24,6%). Abstract -The aim of this paper is to characterize forest vegetation in the Urucu River region, a petroleum drilling area of PETROBRAS. This information may contribute to the organized and productive use of the forest, based on scientific knowledge, so that economic returns can be obtained while conserving the environment. All tree, vine and palm stems over 10 cm DBH were inventoried in three hectares. A total of 2241 individuals were found in 60 families, 225 genera and 577 species or morphospecies. Three measures of ecological importance -abundance, domi nance and frequency -expressed as three separate percentages were summed to give an Impor tance Value Index (IVIE). The two highest IVI were for Eschweilera coracea (DC.) S. A. Mori, with 15% in hectare 2, and E. wachenheimii (Benoist) Sandwith, with 14% in hectare 3. The highest Family Importance Indices averaged across the three hectares were for Lecythidaceae (51.62%), Sapotaceae (40.24%) and Chrysobalanacaeae (24.56%). Palavras-chaves:

Resumo -Neste trabalho estudou-se a regeneração natural de três hectares, em floresta ombrófila de terra -firme na região do rio Urucu no município de Coari -Am ( 4 0 51' 18" e 4 0 52' 16" S; 65 0 17' 58" e 65 0 20' 01" W), abordando todos os indivíduos com altura total maior ou igual a 10cm até 3,0m e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP) menor que 10cm. Abstract -Natural regeneration was studied of three hectares of "terra firme" in Coari Amazonas State, Brazil ( 4 0 51' 18" e 4 0 52' 16" S; 65 0 17' 58" e 65 0 20' 01"W) forest all individuals of height 0,1 -3,0m and DBH less than 10cm.In the natural regeneration Protium subserratum Engl. stood out, with average values of 30,55% and Inga receptabilis (Vahl.) Wild. with 15,85%, Oenocarpus bacaba with 12,35% and Oenocarpus bataua with 11,42%, this among the arbores¬ cent species.

Tree diversity and composition in Amazonia are known to be strongly determined by the water supplied by precipitation. Nevertheless, within the same climatic regime, water availability is modulated by local topography and soil characteristics (hereafter referred to as local hydrological conditions), varying from saturated and poorly drained to well-drained and potentially dry areas. While these conditions may be expected to influence species distribution, the impacts of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity and composition remain poorly understood at the whole Amazon basin scale. Using a dataset of 443 1-ha non-flooded forest plots distributed across the basin, we investigate how local hydrological conditions influence 1) tree alpha diversity, 2) the community-weighted wood density mean (CWM-wd) -a proxy for hydraulic resistance and 3) tree species composition. We find that the effect of local hydrological conditions on tree diversity depends on climate, being more evident in wetter forests, where diversity increases towards locations with well-drained soils. CWM-wd increased towards better drained soils in Southern and Western Amazonia. Tree species composition changed along local soil hydrological gradients in Central-Eastern, Western and Southern Amazonia, and those changes were correlated with changes in the mean wood density of plots. Our results suggest that local hydrological gradients filter species, influencing the diversity and composition of Amazonian forests. Overall, this study shows that the effect of local hydrological conditions is pervasive, extending over wide Amazonian regions, and reinforces the importance of accounting for local topography and hydrology to better understand the likely response and resilience of forests to increased frequency of extreme climate events and rising temperatures.

Este trabalho descreve a composição florística na área do reservatório da futura Hidrelétrica de Cachoeira Porteira -PA (localizada na margem esquerda do rio Trombetas), e a caracterização da vegetação. São apresentados dados sobre a abundância, dominância, freqüência e os Índices de Valor de Importância das espécies (IVIE) e o Índice de Valor de Importância das Famílias (IVIF) e a análise da estrutura horizontal da floresta. Os estudos desenvolvidos neste trabalho mostram as espécies e famílias mais importantes da área com relação a sua influência, na definição do perfil estrutural da floresta, além da identificação dos diferentes tipos de vegetação. Os 13 hectares de floresta inventariados sustentam 4.583 indivíduos, abrangendo árvores, palmeiras e cipós com DAP > 10cm, distribuídos em 359 espécies, 217 gêneros e 55 famílias (três medidas de importância ecológica; abundância, dominância e freqüência, expressas como três porcentagens, foram somadas para obter um Índice de Valor de Importância (IVIE) das espécies). As duas espécies com os maiores IVIE, em toda a área estudada pesquisada, foram Eschweilera coriacea (DC) S. A . Mori, com 15,24% e Micropholis guyanensis (A . DC.) Pierre com 10,87%. As famílias que apresentaram os maiores Índices de Valor de Importância (IVIF) nos 13 hectares, foram Caesalpiniaceae (31,45%) e Sapotaceae (30,34%). Caealpiniaceae (31,45%) and Sapotaceae (30,34%). PALAVRAS-CHAVE KEY WORDS INTRODUÇÃOA região amazônica vem sofrendo interferência humana inadequada nos últimos 20 anos, exigindo da sociedade uma perspectiva de aproveitamento sócio-econômico mais elaborada e consistente, no aspecto do conhecimento da sua cobertura vegetal. No entanto, a Amazônia é uma região bastante heterogênea no que diz respeito a sua composição florística, evidenciando a complexidade dos grupos vegetais que a compõem.