Core Ideas The Bayesian Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction can deal with unbalanced data. The Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction elipses can capture the uncertain about unbalanced data sets. The cross‐validation results showed the ability of Bayesian Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction in genotypes × environments interaction predictions. The identification of genotypes presenting wide adaptability and stability is pivotal in breeding programs. To identify such genotypes, it is necessary to use sophisticated analytical tools to establish the genotypes × environments interaction (GEI) pattern across multi‐environment trials and select for genotypic stability and adaptability. The aim of the present study was to estimate GEI using Bayesian analysis of Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) models for both balanced and unbalanced data sets and estimate the predictive ability of model. Two studies were assessed to showcase this approach; in the first, 10 commercial maize (Zea mays) single‐cross hybrids and 45 double‐cross hybrids were evaluated at 15 different locations. In the second study, 28 hybrids were evaluated in 35 different environments distributed over two different harvest seasons (first and second harvests) with unbalanced data sets within and between harvests. The Bayesian analysis of the AMMI models was robust in dealing with the unbalanced data. This approach is promising for the identification of interaction patterns and the estimation of GEI. The genotypes and environments could be grouped according to their interaction patterns even using the unbalanced data sets, showing that Bayesian analysis of AMMI models could be applied effectively for multi‐environment trials. The prediction for missing hybrids was satisfactory in a simulated unbalanced design and captured the GEI and patterns in the data. This allowed the direct comparison of genotypes from the first and second harvests and the estimation of selection gain.
RESUMO - Entender como o manejo de aplicação de fertilizantes interfere no sistema produtivo é primordial para amanutenção do máximo aproveitamento da produtividade dos híbridos. Desta forma, o objetivo com este trabalho foiverificar a influência da forma de adubação de semeadura, feita a lanço ou localizada, na produtividade de grãos de 33híbridos comerciais de milho, em quatro diferentes safras agrícolas. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos no municípiode Serra do Salitre, em Minas Gerais (MG), nos meses de novembro de 2015 e de 2016, janeiro e fevereiro de 2017 efevereiro de 2017. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições,com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial de 33 x 2, sendo 33 híbridos de milho e dois sistemas de adubação desemeadura: a lanço e localizada. Na análise conjunta da produtividade de grãos, ocorreram interações significativas entrehíbridos e safras, e também entre formas de adubação e safras. Apesar da interação significativa, o sistema de adubaçãolocalizada foi superior em ambas as safras avaliadas, considerando nível de significância de 5% pelo teste de Tukey.Mesmo com as condições climáticas menos favoráveis na segunda safra, a adubação localizada mostrou-se mais eficiente.Palavras-chave: adubação localizada, adubação a lanço, segunda safra, Zea mays L.EFFECT OF SOWING FERTILIZATIONON GRAIN PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE HYBRIDSABSTRACT - Understanding how the management of fertilizer application affects the production system is essentialto maximize the productivity of the hybrids. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of broadcasting andbanding fertilization on grain yield of 33 commercial maize hybrids in four different crop seasons. Four experimentswere carried out in Serra do Salitre, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in November 2015, November 2016, January andFebruary 2017. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications, with treatmentsarranged in a 33 x 2 factorial scheme, 33 corn hybrids and two sowing fertilization forms, broadcast and bandapplication. The joint analysis of grain yield showed significant interactions between hybrids and crop seasons, andalso between fertilization systems and crop seasons. The unfolding of the interaction between the fertilization formsand crop seasons showed that the yield of grains in the band fertilization was superior compared to the broadcastfertilization, regardless the crop season evaluated. Even with the less favourable climatic conditions in the secondharvest, the band fertilization showed to be more efficient when compared to the broadcast fertilization.Keywords: broadcast fertilizer, band fertilizer, second crop, Zea mays L.
In breeding programs, obtaining breeding lines was important, and first selfing selection generations is common. In addition, an analytic approach through mixed models can lead to more success in genotype selection because it lends flexibility in analysis of unbalanced data and provides more precise genotypic values in regard to progenies evaluated. The goal of this study was to make early selection (in the S 2 generation) of progenies evaluated in top crosses, using a mixed-model approach. Five hundred S 2 progenies were plant derived from three populations using selection intensity (40%), which were crossbreeding with three testers. The hybrids obtained, together with control treatments, were set up in five experiments in Brazil: three in Minas Gerais, one in Santa Catarina, and one in Paraná, which evaluated grain yield. The REML method was used for calculation of variance components, and means were predicted through BLUP. The BLUPs of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were also predicted, and the Spearman correlation coefficients among BLUPs were estimated. The dominance effects had a bigger influence on yield expression, as seen from wider amplitude in SCA values. There was an 86% coincidence considering strategy in which selection index was carried out within three populations, in relation to selection by the overall value of GCA. Considering superior hybrids, the progenies of population C exceeded the quantity of hybrids expected by 24.6%, whereas there was a reduction of 30.8% for A and 20% for B. The hybrids that exhibited the highest BLUP means were derived from crosses between progenies of population C together with the tester LE84. The low correlation among testers, both for SCA and for BLUPs, indicates that there is progeny per tester interaction.
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