Commercial cognitive training programs have been proposed as a non-pharmacological treatment of ADHD-related outcomes, such as learning difficulties and academic achievement. Most of these programs focus on working memory, an essential cognitive ability sustaining nearly every conscious mental activity. In this article, we present and summarize the main studies assessing the effectiveness of such training programs on working memory. The reported studies have failed to show a positive far-transfer and long-term effect of cognitive training both in typically developing individuals and children with ADHD. In the end, we present emerging alternative approaches to the use of cognitive training to improve working memory functioning in children with ADHD.
Children and adolescents with attentional-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) present deficits in working memory (WM), but accounts for this phenomenon are still lacking. In this study, we used two variations of a complex-span task to test whether a specific WM mechanism, attentional refreshing, causes these deficits. Attentional refreshing is a maintenance strategy based on the sequential switch of attention between maintaining and processing information in WM. Its use is evidenced by a decrease in recall performance proportional to the distraction of attention away from the memoranda. In this study, we designed two experiments requiring children and adolescents with ADHD symptoms to maintain sequences of letters for subsequent recall, while performing a distracting task. In Experiment 1, the distracting task consisted of reading digits aloud. In Experiment 2, it consisted in making spatial judgements. The pace of the distracting tasks was varied to manipulate the level of attentional distraction. We observed that recall in ADHD participants was higher in the distracting conditions that give attention more opportunity to refresh letters. Moreover, ADHD participants had a similar recall performance to their age-matched typically developing peers. This study shows first evidence that individuals with ADHD can use attention to maintain verbal information in WM and calls for more research to understand their WM development.
Working memory is one of the most studied topics in cognitive psychology since the theory proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. Since then, other models have been developed and compiled into two book volumes dedicated to working memory, one in 1999 and the other in 2021. In this article, we present three influential models in the literature of the two decades between the publication of the two volumes: the multicomponent model, the time-based resource-sharing (TBRS) model, and the embedded-processes model. We explain the development of these theories and summarize their features regarding the structure and functioning of working memory. The three theories differ mainly on the presence of specialized modules in working memory, their relationship with long-term memory, and the strategies for maintaining information in the system. A comparative framework between the three theoretical models is proposed at the end, alongside with considerations on the advancement of working memory theories and directions for future research.
O estudante ou pesquisador que inicia seus estudos em Psicologia Cognitiva geralmente aprende sobre o funcionamento de diversos sistemas de memória (e.g. memória declarativa/explícita e não-declarativa/implícita, memória episódica, memória semântica, memória operacional/de trabalho, memória procedural), mas não tem acesso aos detalhes do processo científico de descrição desses sistemas. De maneira semelhante, o profissional clínico pode enfrentar dificuldades para compreender os detalhes metodológicos dos estudos que originaram ferramentas de avaliação e intervenção neuropsicológica ao consultar a literatura científica da área. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma visão global dos desafios teóricos e metodológicos no estudo da memória humana, com ênfase na delimitação dos sistemas de memória.
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