Border regions have been implicated as important hot spots of malaria transmission, particularly in Latin America, where free movement rights mean that residents can cross borders using just a national ID. Additionally, rural livelihoods largely depend on short-term migrants traveling across borders via the Amazon’s river networks to work in extractive industries, such as logging. As a result, there is likely considerable spillover across country borders, particularly along the border between Peru and Ecuador. This border region exhibits a steep gradient of transmission intensity, with Peru having a much higher incidence of malaria than Ecuador. In this paper, we integrate 13 years of weekly malaria surveillance data collected at the district level in Peru and the canton level in Ecuador, and leverage hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal regression models to identify the degree to which malaria transmission in Ecuador is influenced by transmission in Peru. We find that increased case incidence in Peruvian districts that border the Ecuadorian Amazon is associated with increased incidence in Ecuador. Our results highlight the importance of coordinated malaria control across borders.
Dengue is recognized as a major health issue in large urban tropical cities but is also observed in rural areas. In these environments, physical characteristics of the landscape and sociodemographic factors may influence vector populations at small geographic scales, while prior immunity to the four dengue virus serotypes affects incidence. In 2019, a rural northwestern Ecuadorian community, only accessible by river, experienced a dengue outbreak. The village is 2–3 hours by boat away from the nearest population center and comprises both Afro-Ecuadorian and Indigenous Chachi households. We used multiple data streams to examine spatial risk factors associated with this outbreak, combining maps collected with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), an entomological survey, a community census, and active surveillance of febrile cases. We mapped visible water containers seen in UAV images and calculated both the green-red vegetation index (GRVI) and household proximity to public spaces like schools and meeting areas. To identify risk factors for symptomatic dengue infection, we used mixed-effect logistic regression models to account for the clustering of symptomatic cases within households. We identified 55 dengue cases (9.5% of the population) from 37 households. Cases peaked in June and continued through October. Rural spatial organization helped to explain disease risk. Afro-Ecuadorian (versus Indigenous) households experience more symptomatic dengue (OR = 3.0, 95%CI: 1.3, 6.9). This association was explained by differences in vegetation (measured by GRVI) near the household (OR: 11.3 95% 0.38, 38.0) and proximity to the football field (OR: 13.9, 95% 4.0, 48.4). The integration of UAV mapping with other data streams adds to our understanding of these dynamics.
Abstract. The presence of fascioliasis was assessed in four Andean communities using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test to measure antibodies against Fasciola hepatica excretion-secretion antigens. Six percent (9 out of 150) of the individuals in one community were ELISA-positive for these antibodies. Fecal samples from two of the ELISA-positive individuals contained F. hepatica ova. All of the ELISA-positive cases, except for one, were children within the ages of 9 to 12 years.
Leptospirosis and dengue fever are infectious diseases that co-occur during rainy seasons and both produce similar clinical signs. The purpose of this study was to assess the relative frequency of leptospirosis and dengue fever during a rainy season and the clinical difficulty to distinguish them. Blood samples from febrile patients in Guayaquil were obtained during the rainy season of 2008 and were analyzed by IgM ELISA for both diseases. Additionally, retrospective data (2003Additionally, retrospective data ( -2007 from febrile patients who attended one of largest public hospitals in Guayaquil were obtained. From 135 febrile patients samples, 15 (11.1%) were positive to leptospirosis; 36 (26,7%) to dengue fever; 3 (2.2%) to both pathogens and 81 (60%) were negative for both. Based on clinical diagnosis, cases were classified 68.1% as dengue fever; 20.7% as leptospirosis; 9.6% as malaria and 1.5% as other. However, 60% of patients clinically diagnosed as dengue had only antibodies against Leptospira and 25% patients diagnosed as leptospirosis had antibodies to dengue virus. The hospital archives indicated that 72.8% of patients clinically diagnosed as dengue fever had antibodies to Leptospira and not to dengue virus. The results suggest the two diseases are often misidentified which is a serious problem because both diseases require different medical treatment.Keywords. 5-6 Leptospirosis, Dengue, ELISA, MAT ResumenLa leptospirosis y dengue son enfermedades que presentan una sintomatología muy similar y ocurren durante las épocas lluviosas. El propósito del presente trabajo fue investigar la frecuencia de leptospirosis en la población de los barrios marginales de Guayaquil y el grado de dificultad que existe para distinguir clínicamente leptospirosis de dengue. Muestras de sangre de pacientes febriles provenientes de los barrios pobres de Guayaquil fueron colectadas durante la estación lluviosa del año 2008. Las muestras se sometieron a análisis de ELISA IgM para dengue y leptospirosis. Adicionalmente se obtuvieron datos retrospectivos (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007) de historias clínicas de pacientes que acudieron a uno de los hospitales públicos más grandes de Guayaquil. De un total de 135 pacientes febriles, 15 (11.1%) fueron positivos a leptospirosis por ELISA, 36 (26.7%) fueron positivos a dengue, 3 (2.2 %) fueron positivos a ambos patógenos y 81 (60%) fueron negativos para los dos. Sin embargo, 60% de los pacientes diagnosticados clínicamente como dengue tuvieron anticuerpos contra Leptospira y no para dengue y 25% pacientes diagnosticados como leptospirosis tuvieron anticuerpos contra el virus de dengue y no para Leptospira. Adicionalmente, los archivos hospitalarios (2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007) indicaron que 72.8% de los pacientes diagnosticados clínicamente como dengue tuvieron anticuerpos contra Leptospira y carecían de anticuerpos contra virus de dengue. Los resultados sugieren que ambas enfermedades son frecuentemente identificadas erróneamente lo que representa un problema grave de salud pú...
La hidatidosis es una enfermedad zoonótica de escala mundial. Afecta a varias especies de mamíferos, incluído el hombre, los cerdos actuán como hospedadores intermediarios del quiste hidatídico. En este trabajo se hallaron quistes hidatídicos fértiles (viables) en porcinos faenados en el matadero municipal de la ciudad.
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