<p>Se realizó la caracterización estructural y composición florística de la vegetación sucesional en un fragmento de bosque seco tropical en Toluviejo-Sucre (Colombia). Se registraron tres estados de sucesión en los que se determinaron los índices de diversidad y se compararon mediante un análisis de correspondencia sin tendencia. Se registraron 138 especies distribuidas en 111 géneros y 42 familias. La familia Fabaceae presentó mayor riqueza con 21 especies y 18 géneros, seguida de Sapindaceae y Rubiaceae. El hábito mejor representado en términos de riqueza de especies para el matorral (estado temprano) fueron los arbustos (37.6%); en el borde del bosque (estado intermedio) los árboles (58.8%) y en el bosque (estado tardío) árboles (67.5%). El estado intermedio presenta mayor diversidad de especies que el estado tardío. El estrato temprano presentó mayor dominancia debido al alto grado de perturbación antrópica y al proceso de colonización de especies. Según el DCA, las etapas que muestran mayor similitud son el EI (estado intermedio) y el ETA (estado tardío), debido a las semejanzas en el clima, condiciones edáficas y factores bióticos. Este estudio aporta conocimientos relevantes para fomentar proyectos de conservación de áreas, así como para planes de manejo de la vegetación</p>
<br /><p><strong></strong><strong>Objective. </strong>To identify the cultivated and wild species of <em>Rubus</em> in 53 farms with commercial plantations of <em>Rubus glaucus </em>Benth, owned by four blackberry grower associations in the towns of Pamplona and Chitagá, (Norte de Santander, Colombia).<strong> Materials and methods. </strong>Three to five specimens were collected from each farm and along the roadside. Plants aged 9 to 12 months since their plantation in the commercial farms and wild materials with characteristics of <em>Rubus</em> were selected. Twenty two descriptors (fourteen quantitative and eight qualitative) were assessed. We considered the seventh and eighth branch buds both male and female (with five repetitions) and fruits and flowers of each material. Principal component analysis was done with the fourteen quantitative variables, to identify the descriptors that most contribute to the morphological differentiation of accessions. A conglomerate analysis was used for grouping accessions according to their similarity and dissimilarity. <strong>Results. </strong>Among the 147 accessions analyzed from the different farms, our study determined the presence of 6 different taxa: <em>R. glaucus</em> Benth (with and without spines), <em>R. alpinus </em>Macfad<em>, R. adenotrichos </em>Schltdl<em>, R. rosifolius </em>Sm.<em>,</em> <em>R. bogotensis </em>Kunth<em> </em>and<em> R. floribundus </em>Kunth <strong>Conclusions. </strong>The descriptors that differentiated the species and discriminated them by groups by providing 77% of the information with the use of principal component analysis, were: length and width of central and lateral leaflets, length of flower and leaf structures, apex shape and number of secondary veins.</p> <p><strong>Key words</strong>: <em>Rubus glaucus </em>Benth, identification, <em>taxa,</em> descriptors, principal component analysis, conglomerate analysis</p> <p> </p><br />
Background: Soil seed banks play an important role in post-disturbance regeneration and succession of species from different successional stages. Questions: 1) What is the most effective method for determining the composition and structure of the soil seed bank of Andean forests? 2) What is the composition and structure of soil seed banks in old-growth forest and shrubland sites in the Andean montane tropical forest of Colombia? Study site: Andean forest, Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia Methods: We surveyed the soil seed bank in two successional stages of Andean forest and examined its structure using two sampling methods: direct separation and germination. Results: Soil seed bank density was higher (18-fold in old-growth forest and 666-fold in shrubland) with the direct separation method than with germination; however, under the germination method, we found four species that we did not detect through the direct separation method. Soil seed banks from shrublands were mainly dominated by species from disturbed areas (91 %), while those from the old-growth forest presented early, intermediate and late species; e.g., Miconia summa, Myrsine dependens and Solanum sp., respectively. In the old-growth forest (especially for late species), density increased with depth. This pattern was not observed in shrubland. Seeds obtained by using the direct separation method presented low (< 7 %) viability. Conclusion:We consider the two methods to be complementary and recommend the use of both for a thorough characterization of soil seed banks from Andean forests. At different successional stages in the Colombian Andean forest, the soil seed bank may contain early, intermediate and late species, and it therefore plays an important role in the regeneration of this threatened ecosystem. Key words: secondary successional, Colombia, germination method, direct separation method, seed viability. Bancos de Semillas en dos Estadios Sucesionales de Bosque Andino en el Noreste de Colombia ResumenAntecedentes: Los bancos de semillas del suelo juegan un papel importante en la regeneración de especies de diferentes etapas de sucesión. Preguntas: 1) ¿Cuál es el método más eficaz para la descripción de la composición y la estructura del banco de semillas del suelo de los bosques andinos? y 2) ¿Cómo es la composición y estructura de los bancos de semillas del suelo en un bosque primario y un matorral en el bosque andino en Colombia? Sitio de estudio: Bosque andino en Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia Métodos: Se estudiaron el banco de semillas del suelo en dos etapas de sucesión de bosque andino y se examinó la estructura mediante dos métodos de muestreo: separación directa y la germinación. Resultados: La densidad del banco de semillas en el suelo fue mayor (18 veces en bosques primarios y 666 veces en matorral) con el método de separación directa que con el método de germinación; Sin embargo, bajo el méto-do de germinación, se encontraron cuatro especies que no detectamos a través del método de separación directa. Los banco...
Genetic structure and diversity of Calycolpus moritzianus (Myrtaceae) in the north-eastern Andes of ColombiaEstructura y diversidad genética de Calycolpus moritzianus (Myrtaceae) en el noreste de los Andes de Colombia
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