Objective:Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the non-psychotomimetic compounds of Cannabis sativa, causes anxiolytic-like effects in animals, with typical bell-shaped dose-response curves. No study, however, has investigated whether increasing doses of this drug would also cause similar curves in humans. The objective of this study was to compare the acute effects of different doses of CBD and placebo in healthy volunteers performing a simulated public speaking test (SPST), a well-tested anxiety-inducing method.Method:A total of 57 healthy male subjects were allocated to receive oral CBD at doses of 150 mg (n=15), 300 mg (n=15), 600 mg (n=12) or placebo (n=15) in a double-blind procedure. During the SPST, subjective ratings on the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) and physiological measures (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) were obtained at six different time points.Results:Compared to placebo, pretreatment with 300 mg of CBD significantly reduced anxiety during the speech. No significant differences in VAMS scores were observed between groups receiving CBD 150 mg, 600 mg and placebo.Conclusion:Our findings confirm the anxiolytic-like properties of CBD and are consonant with results of animal studies describing bell-shaped dose-response curves. Optimal therapeutic doses of CBD should be rigorously determined so that research findings can be adequately translated into clinical practice.

Objective: Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the non-psychotomimetic compounds of Cannabis sativa, causes anxiolytic-like effects in animals, with typical bell-shaped dose-response curves. No study, however, has investigated whether increasing doses of this drug would also cause similar curves in humans. The objective of this study was to compare the acute effects of different doses of CBD and placebo in healthy volunteers performing a simulated public speaking test (SPST), a well-tested anxiety-inducing method. Method: A total of 57 healthy male subjects were allocated to receive oral CBD at doses of 150 mg (n=15), 300 mg (n=15), 600 mg (n=12) or placebo (n=15) in a double-blind procedure. During the SPST, subjective ratings on the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) and physiological measures (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) were obtained at six different time points. Results: Compared to placebo, pretreatment with 300 mg of CBD significantly reduced anxiety during the speech. No significant differences in VAMS scores were observed between groups receiving CBD 150 mg, 600 mg and placebo. Conclusion: Our findings confirm the anxiolytic-like properties of CBD and are consonant with results of animal studies describing bell-shaped dose-response curves. Optimal therapeutic doses of CBD should be rigorously determined so that research findings can be adequately translated into clinical practice.

We report a hyperspectral imaging system to measure the reflectance spectra of real human irises with high spatial resolution. A set of ocular prosthesis was used as the control condition. Reflectance data were decorrelated by the principal-component analysis. The main conclusion is that spectral complexity of the human iris is considerable: between 9 and 11 principal components are necessary to account for 99% of the cumulative variance in human irises. Correcting image misalignments associated with spontaneous ocular movements did not influence this result. The data also suggests a correlation between the first principal component and different levels of melanin present in the irises. It was also found that although the spectral characteristics of the first five principal components were not affected by the radial and angular position of the selected iridal areas, they affect the higher-order ones, suggesting a possible influence of the iris texture. The results show that hyperspectral imaging in the iris, together with adequate spectroscopic analyses provide more information than conventional colorimetric methods, making hyperspectral imaging suitable for the characterization of melanin and the noninvasive diagnosis of ocular diseases and iris color.

This article examines the political and the media discourses concerning the Portuguese governmental program responsible for delivering a laptop named "Magalhães" to all primary school children. The analysis is based on the official documents related to the launch and development of the initiative as well as the press coverage of this topic. The main purpose is to recognize the dominant public discourses and to find out what the media select for the debate in the public sphere. This analysis was done with a particular focus on the critical media literacy framework. The results reveal that the press highlighted the negative aspects of that program and that this framing could have a strong impact on how it was accepted and understood by the public opinion. Analysis also reveals that the governmental initiative was predominantly driven by technological objectives, in particular the access to technology, rather than media literacy objectives.

RESUMENMucho se ha investigado sobre la educación en medios, su importamcia y objetivos. Más allá de las directivas, resoluciones o recomendaciones, la investigación en esta área ha permitido profijndizar y solidificar sus fijndamentos, aJ tiempo que ha facilitado el reconocimiento de sus puntos más débiles u omisiones. Uno de los puntos críticos destacados por la formación y por el trabajo de investigación que se ha desarrollado en la Universidad de Miño (Portugal) durante los últimos 20 años, es la inexistencia de recursos y materíales que puedan utilizarse para la promoción de la educación en los medios de comunicación en diferentes contextos. De esta forma, independientemente de los recursos y materíaJes, se genera la importancia de la transferencia de conocimientos a la práctica, la trascendencia de la mediación del conocimiento producido a su público. Esta preocupación fue la base príncipal del proyecto titulado «Recursos para la alfabetización mediática» llevado a cabo en el Centro de Estudios de Comunicación y Sociedad y financiado por Evens Foundation (Bélgica). Este trabajo presenta sucintamente los procesos de creación y los resultados generados por estos recursos, centrados en tres medios: televisión, videojuegos e Internet y redes sociales. ABSTRACTMuch has been saJd and wrítten about media education, its relevance and goals. Beyond directives, resolutions or recommendations, research in this area has deepened the foundations of media education but has also emphasized its weak points or faults. One of these críticaJ points noted in the training and research work developed at the University of Minho, Portugal, in the last 20 years is the non-existence of resources and materíals that could be used to promote media education in different contexts. But this is not just about the availability of materíals, it concerns the importance of putting knowledge into practice and of mediating the knowledge produced with the appropríate audience. This concern was the basis of the 'Media Education in Booklets' project carríed out by the Society and Communication Research Centre amd funded by the Evens Foundation, Belgium. This paper presents the resources produced by this project in the form of three booklets: the first deals with the mediation of TV at school and at home; the second descríbes videogames, ways of playing, benefits, dangers, creativity and interculturality; the third is about the Internet and social networks, and the new forms of relationships and communication that these allow.

o nurnero 12 da Colw;ao Cornunicac;ao, da responsabilidade de Joaquirn Fidalgo e Manuel Pinto, professores e investigadores na Universidade do Minho, e urn livro de Jacques Gonnet, professor da Universidade Paris III -Sorbo nne e autor de varios livros ligados it ternatica da educac;iio e dos media. A sedu.;iio e os equivocos em tomo da educa~ao para os media sao 0 ponto de partida deste livro que pretende "discernir a arnbiguidade do conceito" (p. 137), convocando e explorando diferentes ideias sobre esta ideia de educar para os media, cuja exigencia "data, muito simplesmente, do momenta em que os media surgiram" (p. 9).Jacques Gonnet vai, ao longo do livra, justificando a necessidade do estudo dos . media, desde logo, pela lugar que ocupam na vida quatidiana. Afirma 0 autor que "hoje sao os media que concretizam e moldam em grande medida a nossa percep~ao do mundo" (p. 6). Mais a frente, acrescenta, "na rela~ao que invento ou que mantenho com os outros, os media sugerem-me imagens de paisagens desconhecidas, de mundos interiores que me submergem" (p. 49). A relac;ao da pessoa com 0 mundo estrutura-se, pois, em fun~ao das informa\=oes recolhidas atraves dos media, que, "uma vez integra dos, modificam profundamente 0 nosso comportamento e 0 nosso imaginario" (p. 57). Tendo em canta tal importancia, 0 autor destaca 0 papel da escola para educar para os media, procurando entender a evolUl;ao da institui~ao escoiar, a sua fun\=ao e exigencias, de forma a enquadrar e aprofundar a ideia de educa~ao para as media. A este respeito, a autor parte das controversias que tern gerado 0 entendimento deste conceito e, apoiado em Len Masterman, distingue tres grande-s abordagens: uma abordagem vacinat6ria, uma atitude de analise critica e uma abordagem semiol6gica de descodificac;iio dos media. Cada urna delas corresponde a urn .. fase.No caso da abordagern vacinat6ria, a ideia e que os media corrornpem, par isso e necessaria criar anticorpos capazes de proteger os consumidores. Esta ideia subsiste ainda hoje, "com urn caracter provavelrnente forte, pelo menos no inconsciente colectivo" (p. 20), sugere Gannet. A atitude crftica significou uma nova forma de ver as media, tentando observar 0 valor de urn artigo, de uma obra (cinematognifica, por exemplo) ... No entanto, considera-se que os educadores deviam tratar a questao do valor como algo relativo, evitando criar uma atmosfera de permanentes inibi\=oes. Quanta a terceira abordagern, a descodificaC;ao dos media, a ideia i: a de que os media nao rnostrarn a realidade, apenas a representam.Se em termos conceptuais ha diferentes entendimentos, gra\=as aos diversos contextos hist6ricos, geograficos, culturais, a sua operacionalizat;ao demonstra uma maior coerencia, como se pode verificar em programas recentes de educat;ao para as media propostas por varios sistemas educativos. Atraves da analise de documentos

muita atenção tem sido dada na literatura administrativa e organizacional aos valores que guiam o comportamento organizacional e de gestão pública e privada. todavia, o separador de águas entre a gestão pública e a privada manteve-se ao longo do tempo, com altos e baixos, como ponto controverso na literatura específica da administração e políticas públicas e do direito administrativo. A influência da nova Gestão Pública (nGp) na reforma administrativa em Portugal é amplamente reconhecida em Portugal. Foram muitos os governos que,

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