A B S T R AC T This paper describes how ten municipalities within the Ayuquila river basin in Mexico formed a collaborative association to reduce river pollution and, more generally, to work together to improve living conditions and promote more sustainable management of natural resources within and across their administrative boundaries. It describes the improvements achieved and discusses the institutional arrangements for this association, including the involvement of local universities and state-and federal-level institutions, and provision for citizen participation. It also discusses the measures taken to ensure the association's continued effectiveness, especially ensuring support from municipal politicians (who only have three-year terms of office), strengthening municipal-level technical capacity and what is needed to ensure the association's effectiveness in the future.
RESUMEN.En los últimos 100 años los ríos han experimentado grandes modificaciones. En México se han tomado medidas para resarcir los daños causados a través de la Norma Mexicana NMX-AA-159-SCFI-2012, que establece el procedimiento para la determinación del caudal ecológico. La cuenca del Río AyuquilaArmería, uno de los más importantes ríos del occidente de México, ha sufrido en los últimos años el desecamiento a su salida al mar, lo que ha representado un obstáculo para las especies migratorias. El objetivo de este estudio es la propuesta de caudal ecológico de distribución mensual, utilizando los métodos hidrológicos, combinados con la utilización del método de hidrobiológico, definidos en la norma mexicana. Como resultado de los métodos hidrológicos suma un volumen total de 1.088 hm 3 año 1 , el método hidrobiológico estima un caudal mínimo ecológico de 4,5 m 3 s -1, indicando que en niveles de gasto por debajo de este caudal las "especie objetivo" no podrían sobrevivir debido al descenso del hábitat potencial útil. El resultado final es un régimen mensual de caudales, para la época de estiaje (noviembre-mayo) con un 7% de reserva de agua, y para los meses más secos de marzo a mayo con 2%, con caudales de 5 m 3 s -1 en marzo, 4,5 m 3 s -1 para abril y 4,4 m 3 s -1 en mayo, asegurando la protección de la fauna acuática, en lluvias de junio a octubre con una reserva de agua de 41%, alcanzando su caudal más elevado en septiembre con 105,3 m 3 s -1 mejorando la dinámica hidrológica y geomorfológica del río. Palabra clave: método hidrológico, método hidrobiológico, caudal mínimo ecológico, especie objetivo.
En Tonaya, el agave verde (Agave angustifolia Haw) se cultiva desde 1845, pero en la actualidad el agave azul (Agave tequilana Weber) lo ha reemplazado casi en su totalidad. El cambio de cultivo y el incremento en la demanda del licor de agave provocó daños ambientales. En este artículo se describe el contexto histórico, los efectos socioambientales generados por la industria destiladora de agave, y también se analiza cómo intervienen las instituciones gubernamentales; un estudio hasta hoy inexistente para la región. Se trabajó con información de archivos bibliográficos y de entrevistas a actores clave, mediante la técnica bola de nieve. Además, se analizaron los efectos causados a la biodiversidad y a la calidad del agua del vertido de desechos líquidos o vinazas en el río Tuxcacuesco. Se tomaron decisiones que redujeron la contaminación ambiental, sin embargo, muchas de las acciones se han abandonado, lo que de nuevo pone en riesgo la integridad del sistema acuático y lo que representa. Socio-environmental contextualization of agave in Tonaya, Jalisco, MexicoIn Tonaya, the Agave angustifolia Haw has been cultivated since 1845, but today has been replaced almost entirely by the Agave tequilana Weber. This replacement and the increase in the demand for agave liquor caused environmental damages. The historical context and the socio-environmental effects generated by the agave distiller industry are described in this article, and the role played by the government institutions is analyzed, a study on the region that was nonexistent until today. Information from bibliographic archives and from interviews to key actors, using the snowball technique, was obtained. Moreover, the effects on biodiversity and water quality by the dumping of liquid waste or vinasse into the Tuxcacuesco river were examined. Decisions were made reducing environmental pollution; however, many of these actions have been abandoned, putting at risk again the water system’s integrity and what it represents.
Región y sociedad / vol. xxiii / no. 51. 2011 162 se ofrecen algunas recomendaciones para fomentar la sustentabilidad de su sistema de producción comercial.Palabras clave: Agave tequilana, occidente de México, Ayuquila, tequila, dinámica regional, globalización.Abstract: The blue agave crop (Agave tequilana Weber) is a new crop for the Ayuquila watershed in the Southern part of the state of Jalisco in Western Mexico. It has become an important crop in regional agricultural development. However, it has also had a negative social and environmental impact.Since 2003, a research project was implemented in order to analyze the regional conditions of blue agave expansion and production, as well as the identification of sustainable alternatives. Even though blue agave can be a profitable crop, the cyclic tendencies of overproduction and scarcity have caused a lack of incentives for its production and a permanent degradation of the regional productive capacity. The article concludes with some practical recommendations, as well as a discussion of perspectives on sustainable development based on blue agave production.
En este trabajo se analizan los procesos de gobernanza del agua, a partir de la intervención de los diferentes actores sociales y los mecanismos institucionales desarrollados para la toma de decisiones del uso y aprovechamiento de agua. El estudio se desarrolló en territorio de la microcuenca El Cangrejo, municipio de Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco. Se utilizó el enfoque teórico-metodológico propuesto por Hufty (2004) denominado marco analítico de la gobernanza (mag).
The application of chemical products for pest control is one of the most widely used methods in agriculture worldwide despite their adverse effects on humans and the environment. This is a topic of interest due to the growing number of chemical products and their toxicity. The objectives of this research were to identify the most commercialized pesticides in the Ayuquila-Armería River basin (Mexico) and to determine their concentration in the surface water of the basin. The hypothesis of this work was that the current system of agricultural production in the basin is causing degradation of water quality due to the presence of a wide variety of pesticides. For the f irst objective, we visited 27 outlets of pesticides located in the main municipal capitals within the basin, obtaining a total of 143 commercialized active ingredients, mainly of chemical origin. For the second objective, we carried out two samplings in the dry season and two in the rainy season, in 30 sites distributed within the basin. The sampling sites were chosen in a directed way according to the problem of existing contamination and trying to cover the largest agricultural areas within the basin. The analyses were carried out through liquid chromatography coupled to mass-mass spectrometry. The results showed that 66% of the samples contained at least one pesticide. The most frequent pesticides were ametrine, dimethoate and diazinon. The sites that presented the highest number of pesticides in the four samplings were Palo Blanco, Antes Manantlán, Tuxcacuesco and Ayuquila. The sites near the area of intensive agriculture had a higher number of pesticides than those located in areas with rainfed agriculture. This study is the f irst to analyze the presence of pesticides in surface waters of the basin.
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