The expansion of cities promotes the replacement of local biotas with exotic species causing a decrease in global diversity. As urbanization continues to expand, efforts directed towards the conservation within urban landscapes could support regional biodiversity conservation. The biogeographic region of central Chile displays a native flora of global importance because of its high endemism. Up to date, studies analysing the composition of the floras within the cities are scarce. The present study aims at characterizing the compositional and distributional patterns of the ornamental flora of five cities of central Chile (La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Rancagua, and Talca). For this purpose, we sampled several streets and squares recording all woody species. The species were then characterized by their biogeographical origin and incidence. It was recorded 302 species of which approx. 86% were exotic and 14% were native, a consistent pattern found in the five cities studied; these results contrast with the European urban flora, where native species can usually overcome 50% of the plant species. Almost half of the exotic species had their origin in Asia (including Australasia, Temperate, and Tropical Asia), Europe, and North America. Consequently, the representation of the regional flora within the urban context is low for central Chile, with the native species registered, accounting for only 0.81% of the total species described for the country. Urban habitats could support regional biodiversity conservation, so a shift towards sustainable urban planning could promote local biological conservation. KEYWORDS:Native species, plant conservation, urban flora, urban trees. RESUMENLa expansión de las ciudades promueve el reemplazo de biotas locales (nativas) por especies exóticas, lo que causa una disminución en la diversidad. A medida que la urbanización continúa, los esfuerzos dirigidos a la conservación dentro de los paisajes urbanos podrían apoyar la conservación de la biodiversidad regional. La región biogeográfica de Chile Central muestra una flora nativa de importancia mundial debido a su alto endemismo. No obstante, hasta la fecha hay pocos estudios que analicen la composición de las floras dentro de las ciudades de esta región. El presente estudio analiza la composición de la flora ornamental para cinco ciudades de Chile central: La Serena, Valparaíso, Santiago, Rancagua y Talca. Para ello realizamos un muestreo de calles y plazas de estas ciudades, registrando especies de plantas leñosas, distinguiendo su origen biogeográfico y su incidencia. Se registraron 302 especies de las cuales aprox. el 86% fueron especies exóticas y el 14% nativas, patrón numéricamente consistente en las cinco ciudades estudiadas. Casi la mitad de las especies exóticas provienen de Asia (incluyendo Australasia y Asia tropical y templada), Norteamérica y Europa. En consecuencia, la representación de la flora regional dentro del contexto urbano es baja para el centro de Chile. Los habitats urbanos podrían apoyar la conservación de la bio...
KEYWORDSBreast ultrasonography; Breast cancer; Contrast media; Contrast-enhanced US; MRI.Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the response of breast cancers to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with second-generation contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and magnetic resonance (MR). Materials and Methods: We studied 16 women aged 33e74 years (mean, 53 years; median, 38 years) with locally advanced breast carcinoma or large operable breast cancer (>2 cm; T2eT4, N0eN3, M0) that had been detected by mammography, conventional ultrasonography, and biopsy. CEUS (with SonoVue, 5 ml) and MR (with Gd-DTPA; 0.2 mM/kg) were performed under blinded conditions before, during, and after 6e8 cycles of NAC. Lesions were measured and time/signal intensity (T/SI) curves were calculated during both the examinations. The data obtained were analyzed in light of the results of surgical pathology. Results: Six patients had complete responses manifested by the disappearance of enhancement at both CEUS and MR. Six others had partial responses (reduction of lesion enhancement >50%). In 5/6, T/SI curves obtained with CEUS and MR were both indicative of malignancy (flat curves at CEUS, type I curves at MR); the sixth had a discontinuous curve at CEUS and a type II curve at MR. Four patients had lesional enhancement reductions of <50%. In 3, concordant pictures emerged from the analysis of T/SI curves (discontinuous curves in CEUS, type II and III curves in MR); the fourth had a flat CEUS curve and a type I MR curve. Responses to NAC classified on the basis of MR and CEUS findings showed good correlation with the pathological response. Conclusions: T/SI curves recorded during CEUS correlate with those obtained during MR and may be a valid index of response to the therapy. Sommario Scopo: Valutare la risposta alla chemioterapia neoadiuvante (NAC) in pazienti con carcinoma della mammella confrontando l'ecografia con mezzo di contrasto di seconda generazione (CEUS) con la risonanza magnetica (RM). Materiali e metodi: Sedici pazienti (età fra 33 e 74 anni; media di 53 anni; mediana 38 anni) affette da carcinoma mammario localmente avanzato o operabile ma superiore a 2 cm (T2-T4; N0-N3; M0), già diagnosticato con mammografia, ecografia convenzionale e biopsia, sono state monitorate con CEUS (con SonoVue, 5 ml) e RM (con Gd-DTPA, 0,2 mM/kg). Le indagini sono state effettuate in cieco: prima di iniziare il trattamento, dopo 4 cicli di terapia e prima dell'intervento chirurgico. Con entrambe le metodiche sono state calcolate le dimensioni delle lesioni e le curve tempo/intensità di segnale (T/IS). I dati ottenuti sono stati confrontati con l'esame patologico eseguito al termine della terapia sul pezzo operatorio. Risultati: Sei su 16 pazienti hanno mostrato sia alla CEUS sia alla RM una risposta completa alla NAC con scomparsa di enhancement. In 6 su 16 pazienti si è riscontrata una riduzione parziale dell'enhancement delle lesioni (>50%) con curve T/IS concordanti fra CEUS e RM in cinque casi (in particolare curve piatte alla CEUS e di tipo I alla RM); nel se...
Williams-Campbell syndrome is a cystic bronchiectatic disease secondary to deficiency or defect of cartilaginous plates in the wall of the airways. In the literature, two main forms are suggested: congenital and acquired (post-infectious). The most frequent symptoms are represented by recurrent pulmonary infections from childhood. Multislice spiral dynamic CT has a major role in the study of cystic pulmonary disease and in differentiating Williams-Campbell syndrome from the other causes of cystic bronchiectasis, in which even lung function tests can give deceptive results.
Dittrichia graveolens is reported for the first time for the flora of Chile and for the Southern Cone. A brief description as well as illustrative pictures of the species and the habitat are provided. Furthermore, we present a map of the site where the population was found and a short key to the species of Dittrichia present in Chile. Insights about its potential invasiveness are discussed.
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