ResumoEsse artigo tem o objetivo relatar aspectos da introdução da pecuária entre os povos indígenas que habitam a região do Lavrado no Estado de Roraima, Amazônia brasileira. Mais especificamente, a partir dos povos Macuxi e Wapixana da Comunidade Aningal, entre os quais situa o relato etnográfico analítico sobre suas atuais formas do manejo do gado, associadas à prática da Caiçara. A pecuária foi introduzida na região no século XVIII, levando muitos grupos indígenas a transformações estruturais em suas formas de organização social, estimulando jovens e adultos a trabalharem na pecuária, manejando o gado e "domesticando" à ocupação extensiva do Lavrado. As comunidades indígenas absorveram a pecuária e adaptaram à sua realidade, revelando um interessante processo de adaptação e controle das relações que os envolviam em contexto interétnico. Na comunidade Aningal, onde o presente estudo foi realizado, houve a criação de Retiros (fazendas) indígenas, construídas em ajuri (trabalhos coletivos), onde o gado é manejado por um "vaqueiro" designado em Assembleias. Os animais são mantidos livres ao longo do dia e confinados à noite em caiçaras, o esterco produzido e acumulado escoa para as partes mais baixas do terreno adubando o solo e possibilitando a utilização das áreas adjacentes às caiçaras onde são cultivadas diversas espécies, com destaque para banana. O manejo das caiçaras evidencia o conhecimento dos indígenas sobre os efeitos do esterco como fertilizante e a prática das caiçaras caracteriza um sistema agropastoril do tipo temporal.Palavras chave: agropecuária indígena; sistemas agroflorestais. AbstractThis article has the objective of reporting aspects of the introduction of livestock among the indigenous peoples who live in the region of Lavrado in the State of Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia. More specifically, from the Macuxi and Wapixana peoples of the Aningal Community, among which is the analytical ethnographic account of their current forms of cattle management associated with the practice of Caiçara. Livestock farming was introduced in the region in the eighteenth century, leading many indigenous groups to structural transformations in their forms of social organization, encouraging young people and adults to work in livestock, handling livestock and "domesticating" the extensive occupation of Lavrado. The indigenous communities absorbed livestock and adapted to their reality, revealing an interesting process of adaptation and control of the relationships that involved them in an interethnic context. In the Aningal community, where the present study was carried out, the creation of Indigenous retreats (farms), built in ajuri (collective works), where cattle are handled by a "cowboy" appointed in Assemblies. The animals are kept free throughout the day and confined at night in Caiçaras, the manure produced and accumulated flows to the lower parts of the land by fertilizing the soil and making it possible to use the areas adjacent to the Caiçaras where several species are cultivated, banana. The management o...
The management of caiçaras by indigenous peoples in the “Lavrado” (savannas) region of Roraima is a practice that increases soil fertility. Caiçaras are temporary corrals where farmers keep the cattle at night for a certain period, when the soil is enriched by manure addition. In periods when these areas are not used as corrals, they may be planted with different plants species. In addition, areas adjacent to caiçaras may receive manure runoff and also be used for crop production. The study evaluated the changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics resulting from manure supply and runoff in caiçara and adjacent areas and compared these to soil characteristics of nearby unmanaged areas. Soil samples from the three system components were analyzed. The nutrient content added by manure runoff in the plantation adjacent to the caiçara resulted in significant accumulations of organic Ca, Mg, K, P, C, and micronutrients in the soil, without, however, changing pH. Only the soil surface (0–5 cm) showed improvements in soil bulk density and total porosity. This soil management system proves how efficient indigenous farmers can be in integrating their livestock component with the exploitation of available resources to improve soil fertility in areas of low natural fertility, enhancing agricultural production.
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