It is presented the comparative analysis of a manifestation of reproductive qualities of purebred and two-breed sows in combination with boars of different genotypes and the definition of the best forms for further receiving highly productive marketable young pigs. The researches were conducted in the conditions of SE EE "im. Dekabrystiv "of Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP NAAS of Myrhorod district of Poltava region. 5 groups of young animals were formed for the experiment: 1 – (LW×Landrace)×Landrace, 2 – (LW×Landrace) x Duroc, 3 – LW×Duroc, 4 – Landrace×Landrace, 5 – Myrhorod breed x Myrhorod breed. It was determined the fact that by index of the number of piglets born, sows of the combination (LW×L)×D were dominated the purebred Landrace females by 7.41 % (p≤0.05) and pigs of Myrhorod breed by 9.59 % (p≤0.001). The significant variability of the rich fertility index in the sows of the combination of LW×L was revealed: the standard deviation in them was 3.56 heads (compared to 1.22 in other groups), the indicators of the magnitude of variation and the coefficient of variability were also the largest (respectively 10 heads and 10.71 %), which is confirmed by the value of the coefficient of excess – 2.689. The crossbred sows with the LW×L combination had the highest litter weight, they exceeded the sows of Myrhorod breed by 44.2 % (p <0.001) and tended to exceed the sows of Landrace breed by 3.51 %. It should be noted that the weight of the litter at weaning in Landrace sows was 68.3 kg, with a positive asymmetry – 0.743 and an excess coefficient of 0.467; the coefficient of variation was low, which indicates targeted selection for growth intensity in pigs of this breed. According to the results of the researches, the level of combination and the effect of crossing genotypes by multiplicity and the litter weight at weaning were determined. The level of combination of genotypes by crossing exceeded the level of combination by purebred breeding and had positive values in terms of fertility. The highest value of this indexes was obtained from the combination of crossbred sows with boars of Duroc breed – +0.70 units.The next stage of researches was to determine the effect of heterosis. The efficiency of combination (LW×L)×D was determined – 106.93 points for the multiplicity. According to the index of litter weight at weaning, the effect of heterosis was found out at crossing and in pigs of Landrace breed (for purebred breeding). Its highest value was determined in the combination of LW×L – 111.34 %, which indicates the effective use of this combination in the first stage of hybridization. The use of industrial crossbreeding and hybridization in the herd of SE "EE im. Dekabrystiv” helps to increase the multiplicity rate of sows, as well as proves the effectiveness of the use of crossbred sows of the combination LW×L in the first stage of the hybridization to increase the growth rate of young animals. Indexes of the level of combination and the effect of heterosis should be used to assess the effectiveness of crossbreeding in pig breeding. Key words:sows, multiplicity, litter weight, crossbreeding, heterosis, hybridization, genotype.
The purpose. To investigate the physicochemical properties of the longest back muscle of young pigs of a large breed of different intrabreed differentiation according to some indicators of protein metabolism, as well as to calculate the level of correlations between traits. Methods. Zootechnical, biochemical, statistical, purebred breeding. Control fattening of young pigs of the large white breed was carried out in agricultural formations of the Dnipropetrovsk region, their slaughter and selection of samples of the longest back muscle – LLC "Globynskyi Myasokbinat", research of biochemical indicators of blood serum – research center of biosafety and ecological control of agricultural resources of the Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, physicochemical properties of the longest muscle of the back – zoochemical analysis laboratory of the Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP of the NAAS. The following indicators were studied in blood serum and muscle tissue samples of animals: content of total protein, g/l; urea content, mmol/l; cholesterol content, mmol/l; active acidity (pH), acidity units; moisture retention capacity, %; tenderness, s; loss of muscle tissue during heat treatment, %; color intensity, units ext.×1000. The results. It was established that the biochemical indicators of blood serum (total protein content, urea content) correspond to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals. The number of highquality samples according to the moisture-retaining capacity of the longest muscle of the back is 8.0 %, color intensity – 20.0 %, tenderness – 8.0 %, and the coefficient of variability of these characteristics ranges from 2.52 to 14.57 % . The difference between groups of experimental animals in the physico-chemical properties of muscle tissue, taking into account intrabreed differentiation in the content of total protein and urea in blood serum, ranges from 1.23 to 10.71 %. Conclusions. The indicators of the interior of young pigs of the experimental group correspond to the physiological norm of clinically healthy animals. The coefficient of pairwise correlation between indicators of protein metabolism and physicochemical properties ranges from –0.222 to +0.288; reliable values of this biometric indicator between features have not been established. Key words: young pigs, breed, biochemical indicators of blood serum, longest back muscle, physicochemical properties, variability, correlation.
Одним із завдань вітчизняного свинарства є удосконалення селекційних ознак свиней з метою збільшення виробництва м’яса. Насамперед необхідно не тільки збільшити обсяг отриманої продукції, але й мінімізувати витрати праці та коштів, що дозволить зробити її конкурентоспроможною на світовому ринку. Наукові дослідження доводять доцільність використання методів схрещування та гібридизації для підвищення продуктивних ознак тварин шляхом забезпечення ефекту гетерозису. Для отримання товарних свиней запропоновані найефективніші варіанти поєднання порід за продуктивністю та інтенсивністю росту молодняку в ранньому онтогенезі. Метою досліджень є визначення ефекту гетерозису за відтворювальними і відгодівельними якостями чистопородних, помісних і гібридних свиней в умовах інтенсивних технологій залежно від інтенсивності росту молодняку в ранньому онтогенезі. За даними дисперсійного аналізу встановлений значний вплив кнурів-плідників на показник великоплідності та масу гнізда при народженні, відповідно 61,13 % і 59,37 %. Плідники також впливають на показник багатоплідності (27,1 %), кількість новонароджених поросят (39,9 %) і масу поросяти при народженні (59,4 %). Інші ознаки відтворювальної здатності, такі як маса гнізда і кількість поросят при відлученні, а також збереженість поросят більше залежать від паратипових факторів, ніж генотипових. За багатоплідністю встановлений ефект звичайного гетерозису у маток поєднання ВБ×Л і гіпотетичного – за поєднання (ВБ×Л)×(Д×Г). За показником маси гнізда при народженні у поєднань ВБ×Л і (ВБ×Л)×(Д×Г) виявлено позитивне наддомінування (7,33 і 2,67 од., відповідно), а у поєднання ВБ×(Д×Г) – проміжне домінування. У результаті досліджень з визначення ефекту гетерозису виявлено прояв справжнього гетерозису за ознакою «середньодобовий приріст» і «витрати корму» тільки у свиней поєднання ВБ×Л класу плюс-варіант. Звичайний гетерозис за показником «вік досягнення живої маси 100 кг» встановлений у свиней всіх дослідних груп, за ознаками «середньодобовий приріст» і «витрати корму» – у поєднань ВБ×Л і ВБ×(Д×Г) класу плюс- і мінус-варіант і гібридів класу плюс-варіант. Гіпотетичний гетерозис встановлений у тварин поєднання ВБ×Л класу плюс і мінус-варіант за показниками «вік досягнення живої маси 100 кг» і «витрати корму», а за ознакою «середньодобовий приріст» – у свиней поєднань ВБ×Л і ВБ×(Д×Г) класу плюс- і мінус-варіант.
Goal. The comparative analysis of productive traits of different breeds of breeding pigs of Ukraine. The research method is the analysis and comparison of indexes of the development and productivity of pigs of different breeds, changes in the number of animals and subjects of the breeding business in pig breeding during 2017– 2021. The results. The analysis of the state of the breeding base of pig breeding in Ukraine over the course of five years shows the reduction of 31 subjects of the breeding business with a herd of about 7,000 heads of the main sows. As of January 1, 2022, there are 67 breeding enterprises, including 27 breeding factories and 40 breeding farms. To date, pig breeding is represented by 10 breeds of pigs, the most numerous of which are two breeds – the Large White - 60% and Landrace 31.3%, which are bred in 18 and 13 regions of Ukraine, respectively. The largest number of pigs are bred in Kyiv (624,800 heads), Lviv (430,000 heads), Donetsk (405,400 heads) and Ternopil (377,000 heads) regions. And the smallest population is concentrated in Luhansk (40.9 thousand heads) and Kherson (49.5 thousand heads) regions. It was determined that the tendency to increase the stock at the beginning of 2022 was observed in Durok breeds (from 1.98 to 2.47%), Pietren (from 1.58 to 2.08 %), the Red White-belted breeds (0, 23 to 0.33), Wales (from 0.47 to 0.58%) and Ukrainian Steppe White breed (0.96 to 1.26 %). For the rest of the domestic breeds, such as Poltava Meat, Ukrainian Meat and Ukrainian Steppe piked, a clear tendency to decrease was observed, respectively, by 0.13; 0.02 and 0.04%. The analysis of productive traits shows that the reproductive qualities of sows bred in breeding factories are higher than those of breeding farms, this applies to such breeds as Landras, Durok, Poltava Meat. The advantage according to the multifertility index was 1.4 heads, 1.5 heads, 1.0 heads, respectively. As for Welsh and Durok breeds, which are considered meat breeds, but are distinguished by high reproductive qualities (multifertility of the Welsh breed – 13 heads, Durok – 11.6 heads). It is explained, in our opinion, by purposeful selection work aimed at increasing the fertility rate. The reproductive traits of other meat genotypes remain as they meet the requirements for meat genotypes. Conclusions. It is necessary to increase the breed gene fund of Ukraine in order to fully implement selection and genetic programs for the improvement of breeds, as well as interbreed crossing and hybridization. Key words: pedigree pig breeding, breeds, breeding factories, breeding farms, reproductive traits, lard thickness, hybridization.
The results of studies of indicators of reproductive qualities of sows of different operational value, the level of their phenotypic consolidation are presented, and the economic efficiency of using sows in experimental groups is calculated. The experimental part of the research was carried out in LLC "Druzhba-Kaznacheevka" in the Dnepropetrovsk region and in the laboratory animal husbandry of the State Institution "Institute of Grain Crops of the NAAS of Ukraine". The work was carried out according to the program of scientific research of NAAS No. 31 "Genetic improvement of farm animals, their reproduction and preservation of biodiversity (Genetics, conservation and reproduction of biological resources in animal husbandry)" task "To determine the adaptive characteristics and the nature of inheritance of polygenic-hereditary traits of pigs of different genotypes and to develop an integrated system for creating a highly productive population". The object of research was sows of the Llarge White breed. It was found that the sows of the main herd, according to the characteristics of reproductive ability, belong to the I class and the elite class. The number of sows from which 100 or more live piglets were obtained during the breeding period is 27.45 %. Sows in the "high operational value" category exceed their peers in the "average operational value" category in terms of life expectancy and breeding use by 25.1 and 26.2 months respectively. A significant difference between the animals of the indicated groups was established according to the indicators "received farrowings", "received live pigs in total, head", "multiple births, head.", "weight of the nest at the time of weaning at the age of 28 days, kg" and the index of N. D. Berezovsky. The coefficients of phenotypic consolidation (К1, К2) range from – 0.050 to +0.231 units, which indicates an insufficient level of consolidation of reproductive qualities in sows of the controlled population and determines the vector of further work of agricultural specialists and research workers - curator of work in this direction. The coefficient of pair correlation between the breeding index of sow reproductive qualities (SIRQS) and the absolute indicators of reproductive qualities of sows of different operational value ranges from –0.525 (tr = 3.09) to +0.934 (tr = 81.8). The maximum increase in additional production was obtained from sows of the "high operational value" category – + 3.41 %, and its cost is 92.44 UAH /heard/ farrowing. Key words: sow, breed, reproductive qualities, operational value, coefficient of phenotypic consolidation, cost of additional production, variability, correlation.
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