It is presented the comparative analysis of a manifestation of reproductive qualities of purebred and two-breed sows in combination with boars of different genotypes and the definition of the best forms for further receiving highly productive marketable young pigs. The researches were conducted in the conditions of SE EE "im. Dekabrystiv "of Institute of Pig Breeding and AIP NAAS of Myrhorod district of Poltava region. 5 groups of young animals were formed for the experiment: 1 – (LW×Landrace)×Landrace, 2 – (LW×Landrace) x Duroc, 3 – LW×Duroc, 4 – Landrace×Landrace, 5 – Myrhorod breed x Myrhorod breed. It was determined the fact that by index of the number of piglets born, sows of the combination (LW×L)×D were dominated the purebred Landrace females by 7.41 % (p≤0.05) and pigs of Myrhorod breed by 9.59 % (p≤0.001). The significant variability of the rich fertility index in the sows of the combination of LW×L was revealed: the standard deviation in them was 3.56 heads (compared to 1.22 in other groups), the indicators of the magnitude of variation and the coefficient of variability were also the largest (respectively 10 heads and 10.71 %), which is confirmed by the value of the coefficient of excess – 2.689. The crossbred sows with the LW×L combination had the highest litter weight, they exceeded the sows of Myrhorod breed by 44.2 % (p <0.001) and tended to exceed the sows of Landrace breed by 3.51 %. It should be noted that the weight of the litter at weaning in Landrace sows was 68.3 kg, with a positive asymmetry – 0.743 and an excess coefficient of 0.467; the coefficient of variation was low, which indicates targeted selection for growth intensity in pigs of this breed. According to the results of the researches, the level of combination and the effect of crossing genotypes by multiplicity and the litter weight at weaning were determined. The level of combination of genotypes by crossing exceeded the level of combination by purebred breeding and had positive values in terms of fertility. The highest value of this indexes was obtained from the combination of crossbred sows with boars of Duroc breed – +0.70 units.The next stage of researches was to determine the effect of heterosis. The efficiency of combination (LW×L)×D was determined – 106.93 points for the multiplicity. According to the index of litter weight at weaning, the effect of heterosis was found out at crossing and in pigs of Landrace breed (for purebred breeding). Its highest value was determined in the combination of LW×L – 111.34 %, which indicates the effective use of this combination in the first stage of hybridization. The use of industrial crossbreeding and hybridization in the herd of SE "EE im. Dekabrystiv” helps to increase the multiplicity rate of sows, as well as proves the effectiveness of the use of crossbred sows of the combination LW×L in the first stage of the hybridization to increase the growth rate of young animals. Indexes of the level of combination and the effect of heterosis should be used to assess the effectiveness of crossbreeding in pig breeding. Key words:sows, multiplicity, litter weight, crossbreeding, heterosis, hybridization, genotype.
Goal. The comparative analysis of productive traits of different breeds of breeding pigs of Ukraine. The research method is the analysis and comparison of indexes of the development and productivity of pigs of different breeds, changes in the number of animals and subjects of the breeding business in pig breeding during 2017– 2021. The results. The analysis of the state of the breeding base of pig breeding in Ukraine over the course of five years shows the reduction of 31 subjects of the breeding business with a herd of about 7,000 heads of the main sows. As of January 1, 2022, there are 67 breeding enterprises, including 27 breeding factories and 40 breeding farms. To date, pig breeding is represented by 10 breeds of pigs, the most numerous of which are two breeds – the Large White - 60% and Landrace 31.3%, which are bred in 18 and 13 regions of Ukraine, respectively. The largest number of pigs are bred in Kyiv (624,800 heads), Lviv (430,000 heads), Donetsk (405,400 heads) and Ternopil (377,000 heads) regions. And the smallest population is concentrated in Luhansk (40.9 thousand heads) and Kherson (49.5 thousand heads) regions. It was determined that the tendency to increase the stock at the beginning of 2022 was observed in Durok breeds (from 1.98 to 2.47%), Pietren (from 1.58 to 2.08 %), the Red White-belted breeds (0, 23 to 0.33), Wales (from 0.47 to 0.58%) and Ukrainian Steppe White breed (0.96 to 1.26 %). For the rest of the domestic breeds, such as Poltava Meat, Ukrainian Meat and Ukrainian Steppe piked, a clear tendency to decrease was observed, respectively, by 0.13; 0.02 and 0.04%. The analysis of productive traits shows that the reproductive qualities of sows bred in breeding factories are higher than those of breeding farms, this applies to such breeds as Landras, Durok, Poltava Meat. The advantage according to the multifertility index was 1.4 heads, 1.5 heads, 1.0 heads, respectively. As for Welsh and Durok breeds, which are considered meat breeds, but are distinguished by high reproductive qualities (multifertility of the Welsh breed – 13 heads, Durok – 11.6 heads). It is explained, in our opinion, by purposeful selection work aimed at increasing the fertility rate. The reproductive traits of other meat genotypes remain as they meet the requirements for meat genotypes. Conclusions. It is necessary to increase the breed gene fund of Ukraine in order to fully implement selection and genetic programs for the improvement of breeds, as well as interbreed crossing and hybridization. Key words: pedigree pig breeding, breeds, breeding factories, breeding farms, reproductive traits, lard thickness, hybridization.
The aim of the research was genotyping animals of Ukrainian pig breeds according to microsatellite loci of the genome for further creation and implementation of the methodology for determining gene complexes of pig adaptability. Research methods: zootechnical – the analysis of genealogy and the productivity indexes of animals of different breeds; bioinformation - work with databases of the primary genome sequences for the design of oligonucleotide primers; molecular genetic - nucleic acid extraction, the determination of purity and concentration of DNA preparations, the amplification of microsatellite loci in PCR with subsequent electrophoretic separation of the amplification products in denaturing gel; statistical – the determination of population-genetic parameters on the basis of typing data on microsatellite loci, the relationship of microsatellite loci with performance indexes, the search for adaptive complexes. It was carried out genotyping animals of the Ukrainian meat breed in SE “RF Elita MIW named after V. M. Remeslo NAAS "of Kyiv region for 6 microsatellite loci with tetranucleotide repeats, a panel of primers of its own design. It was found the fact that the average number of alleles per locus was 5.2 alleles. The level of actual heterozygosity was 0.830, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.780. However, this difference is not significant. DNA typing animals for 6 loci of microsatellite DNA of 17 heads of Poltava meat breed of SE "EB Nadiia" was carried out. As a result of genotyping, the average number of alleles per locus was 3.8. The actual and expected heterozygosity levels were 0.680 and 0.730, respectively. By loci of microsatellite DNA, we found in animals of Myrhorod breed: for locus FH3628 – 5 alleles of 200-228 nucleotides, FH1865 – 5 alleles (size from 109 to 129 nucleotides), FH4219 – 2 alleles of 80 and 92 nucleotides, FH1885 – 4 alleles from 205 up to 213 nucleotides, FH3764 – 2 alleles 138 and 146 nucleotides, and for FH4231 – 2 alleles 116 and 120 nucleotides. The level of actual heterozygosity was 0.860, while the expected heterozygosity was 0.810. Thus, in three breeds of Ukrainian selection for 6 loci of microsatellite DNA with tetranucleotide repeat, the level of actual heterozygosity was in the range of 0.680 in animals of Poltava meat breed to 0.860 in animals of Myrhorod breed. The level of expected heterozygosity is 0.730 in animals of Poltava meat breed to 0.810 in Myrhorod breed. The high level of heterozygosity, as well as the average number of alleles per locus allows to search for alleles and genotypes associated with the adaptability of animals in breeds of pigs of Ukrainian selection. Key words: pigs, microsatellite loci, genome, average number of alleles, level of heterozygosity, population, variability.
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