Due to the fact that studies seeking associations of polymorphisms in regulatory regions of cytokine genes with pre-eclampsia (PE) have not always been consistent in different population analyses, the aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between rs1800896 of interleukin-10 (IL-10), rs1800795 of interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in intron 2 of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), as well as gene-gene interactions between these three polymorphisms with the presence of PE in Mexican-Mestizo women and one Amerindian population from México (Maya). A case-control study was performed where 411 pre-eclamptic cases and 613 controls were genotyped. For the rs1800896 of IL-10 and rs1800795 of IL-6, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allelic discrimination and for the VNTR of IL-1Ra, PCR. Allele frequency differences were assessed by Chi-squared test; logistic regression was used to test for associations; a gene-gene interaction was conducted. Genotypic and allelic distribution of the polymorphisms was similar in our population. The estimated of the gene-gene interaction between the polymorphisms did not differ significantly. However, we observed important differences in the distribution of the alleles and genotypes of the three polymorphisms analyzed between Mestiza-Mexicanas and Maya-Mestizo women. In conclusion, we did not find an association between polymorphisms in IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1Ra and PE in Mexican-Mestizo and MayaMestizo women. To our knowledge, this is the first time that these three polymorphisms were analyzed together with gene-gene interaction in women with PE.
Our results show that p.A1330V was significantly associated with BMD variations at all three skeletal sites analyzed; the Val allele and the Val/Val genotype were those most frequently found in our population.
Para detectar las conductas sexuales de riesgo en jóvenes mexicanos universitarios, se diseñó una herramienta electrónica autoaplicable, para ser usada de manera anónima a través de internet. Se realizaron dos pilotajes en papel, y la versión final del instrumento fue programada en Formularios Google. Se envió una invitación por correo electrónico que incluía una liga, permaneciendo abierta durante seis días. Los datos fueron analizados SPSS. Se envió la liga a 1940 alumnos de ocho licenciaturas. El porcentaje de respuesta fue de 8.2% (160/1940). Para los análisis se tomaron 116 encuestas de estudiantes entre18-24 años, 52% hombres, 48% mujeres. Se encontró que el 73% ha tenido relaciones sexuales, 32% ha tenido más de 4 parejas. El 17.2% cree que lavarse lo protege de una ITS, el 44% cree que los baños públicos son un riesgo. Solo el 2.6% considera al alcohol y 27% las drogas como factores de riesgo. De los estudiantes sexualmente activos (n=85), 90% tienen sexo vaginal, 36 reportan que siempre usan condón, 82% practica sexo oral pero solo 6 siempre usan condón. El 42.3 % practica sexo anal, pero solo 10 siempre usan condón. El 64.7% no se sienten incómodos de hablar de su vida sexual. Los resultados mostraron que el instrumento funciona adecuadamente, y nos alarma el riesgo al que se encuentran expuestos los universitarios. Este instrumento fue finalmente cargado en una página web de promoción de la salud sexual dirigida a población abierta, disponible en www.esalud.uady.mx. Dado que los principales usuarios de internet son jóvenes, esta herramienta electrónica representa una gran oportunidad para realizar investigación y promoción de la salud.
A comparative clinical trial of two combined oral contraceptives differing only in estrogen type and dosage was conducted at the Centro de Investigaciones Hideyo Noguchi in Merida, Yucatan, Mexico. The trial was designed to determine the differences between Norinyl 1 + 50 (Syntex) and Norinyl 1 + 35 (Syntex) in rates of discontinuation and frequency of selected side-effects which might contribute to method discontinuation. Three hundred women were randomly assigned to either the Norinyl 1 + 35 group or to the Norinyl 1 + 50 group and follow-up visits were scheduled at 1, 4, 8 and 12 months after admission. In the Norinyl 1 + 35 group, more women experienced an increase in intermenstrual bleeding (primarily staining and spotting) (p less than 0.05), breast discomfort (p less than 0.05) and nausea than in the Norinyl 1 + 50 group. There was a significantly higher discontinuation rate for personal reasons, such as desired change of method and method not needed, among the women taking Norinyl 1 + 35 (p less than 0.05). The largest number of discontinuations comprised women discontinuing for menstrual problems in both groups. The life-table total discontinuation rate at 12 months was 52.0 for the Norinyl 1 + 35 group and 50.7 for the Norinyl 1 + 50 group. The lost-to-follow-up rates at 12 months were 17.8 for the Norinyl 1 + 35 group and 22.8 for the Norinyl 1 + 50 group.
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