ABSTRACT. This paper presents the results of a research performed by using Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) to evaluate the structure of the rigid pavement of Santos Dumont Airport in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The GPR data profiles were acquired with 250 and 700 MHz shielded antennas. The geophysical investigation was performed along of 6 profiles, totaling 1432 meters of GPR sections. For calibration of the speed of propagation of electromagnetic wave were drilled three boreholes until the depth of 1.8 m. The results of GPR allowed the precise delineation of reflectors related to geotechnical interfaces (pavement thickness -concrete slab and macadam) and geological (sand/embankment soil), showing the efficiency of this method in this case study.
Relationships of stable isotopes, water-rock interaction and salinization in fractured aquifers, Petrolina region, Pernambuco State, Brazil AbstractThe Petrolina County, Pernambuco State, Brazil, presents specificities that make it unique from a hydrogeological point of view. Water resource scarcity is both a quantitative and qualitative issue. The climate is classified as semiarid, having low precipitation, along with high temperatures and evapotranspiration rates. Aquifer zones are related to low connected fractures resulting in a restricted water flow in the aquifer. The recharge is limited and the groundwater salinity is high. Stable isotope analyses of H and O were developed in groundwater samples (with different electrical conductivity) and surface water collected in a bypass channel flowing from the São Francisco River. The results were plotted in a δD ‰ versus δ 18 O ‰ graph along with the curves of the global and local meteoric water line. Groundwater samples showed unexpected results showing a lighter sign pattern when compared to the meteoric waters. More negative δD and δ 18 O values indicate an enrichment in light isotopes, which show that this process is not influenced by surface processes, where the enrichment occurs in heavy isotopes due to evaporation. The isotopic signature observed is interpreted either as resulting from the water-rock interaction, or as resulting from recharge from paleo rains. The waters are old and show restricted flow. So the water-rock contact time is extended. In the rock weathering processes, through the hydration of feldspars, there is preferential assimilation of heavy isotopes at the expense of the lighter ones that remain in the water. Analyses of the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio and isotopic groundwater dating assist in the interpretations.
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ABSTRACT. The influence of array configurations on the resolution of subsurface electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) imaging is one of the most discussed factors when it comes to resistivity data quality. Despite the flexibility of multichannel data acquisition systems nowdays, there is still a tendency to perform field observations with traditional arrays, mainly because they are already well understood configurations. The present work discusses a comparison between the results obtained with four electrode arrays (dipole dipole, pole dipole, Wenner-Schlumberger and Wenner) regarding the data resolution and the ability to identify the bedrock over the buried waste in the former Jockey Club landfill of Brasília, an important information to delimit the geometry of the mass of waste. Four electroresistivity lines were acquired with different electrode arrays, using the ERT technique, and models were calculated using the Res2DInv software, by the robust inversion method (L1-norm) and smooth-constrained least squares inversion (L2-norm). All arrangements produced models that presented the mass of waste with low resistivity, indicating strong influence of leachate. The best agreement with borehole information regarding the bedrock level was achieved with the dipole-dipole array. The L1-norm inversion provided more stable and smoothed models than the results obtained with the L2-norm method, also presenting smaller differences between the calculated and observed apparent resistivity.KEYWORDS: Electrical Resistivity Tomography; electrode arrays, waste disposal. RESUMO. A influência do arranjo eletródico na resolução de imageamento por tomografia de resistividade elétrica (TRE) da subsuperfície é um dos fatores mais discutidos quando se trata de qualidade de dados de resistividade. Apesar da flexibilidade dos sistemas multicanais de aquisição de dados, ainda há uma tendência em realizar observações em campo com arranjos tradicionais de eletrodos, devido a serem configurações já bem compreendidas. No presente trabalho, é discutida uma comparação entre os resultados obtidos a partir de quatro arranjos de eletrodos (dipolo-dipolo, polo-dipolo, Wenner-Schlumberger e Wenner) quanto a resolução dos dados e quanto a capacidade de identificar o embasamento rochoso sobre o maciço de resíduos no antigo aterro controlado do Jockey Clube de Brasília, uma importante informação para delimitar a geometria do maciço de resíduos. Foram adquiridas quatro linhas de eletrorresistividade com diferentes arranjos eletródicos, com a técnica TRE, e foram calculados modelos no software Res2DInv pelo método de inversão robusta (norma-L1) e de inversão de mínimos quadrados com restrição de suavidade (norma-L2). Todos os arranjos produziram modelos que apresentaram o maciço de resíduos com baixa resistividade, indicando forte influência de chorume. As melhores concordâncias com as informações de furos de sondagem foram alcançadas com o arranjo dipolo-dipolo. A inversão norma-L1 forneceu modelos mais estáveis e suavizados do que os resultados obtidos com a norma-L2, também apresentando diferenças menores entre a resistividade aparente calculada e medida.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Tomografia de Resistividade Elétrica; arranjos eletródicos; disposição de resíduos.
Resumo O sensoriamento remoto pode ser utilizado na estimativa de dados meteorológicos. A partir da utilização de imagens de variáveis atmosféricas obtidas pelo sensor AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) a bordo do satélite Aqua, o presente estudo objetivou estimar as temperaturas máxima, mínima e média diária do ar na região do Distrito Federal – Brasil. Foram gerados modelos de regressão linear simples e múltipla tendo como variáveis explanatórias os dados do sensor AIRS de temperatura de superfície, umidade relativa do ar e vapor d’água atmosférico, obtidos em escala temporal de doze horas (diurno e noturno), durante o período compreendido entre janeiro de 2012 e dezembro de 2016. Como variáveis dependentes, foram utilizados valores observados de temperatura do ar em duas estações meteorológicas da região estudada. Os ajustes apresentaram R² = 0,62 e RMSE = 1,64 °C para os dados de temperatura máxima, R² = 0,59 e RMSE = 1,50 °C para os dados de temperatura mínima, e R² = 0,76 e RMSE = 1,45 °C para os dados de temperatura média. Conclui-se que os dados do sensor AIRS são adequados para o monitoramento da temperatura do ar na região do Distrito Federal.
Surface heat treatment in glasses and ceramics, using CO2 lasers, has attracted the attention of several researchers around the world due to its impact in technological applications, such as lab-on-a-chip devices, diffraction gratings and microlenses. Microlens fabrication on a glass surface has been studied mainly due to its importance in optical devices (fiber coupling, CCD signal enhancement, etc). The goal of this work is to present a systematic study of the conditions for microlens fabrications, along with the viability of using microlens arrays, recorded on the glass surface, as bidimensional codes for product identification. This would allow the production of codes without any residues (like the fine powder generated by laser ablation) and resistance to an aggressive environment, such as sterilization processes. The microlens arrays were fabricated using a continuous wave CO2 laser, focused on the surface of flat commercial soda-lime silicate glass substrates. The fabrication conditions were studied based on laser power, heating time and microlens profiles. A He–Ne laser was used as a light source in a qualitative experiment to test the viability of using the microlenses as bidimensional codes.
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