The response of mid-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Mexico City after the 2017 Puebla Earthquake is assessed through combined field and computational investigation. The Mw 7.1 earthquake damaged more than 500 buildings where most of them are classified as mid-rise RC frames with infill walls. A multinational team from Colombia, Mexico, and the United States was rapidly deployed within a week of the occurrence of the event to investigate the structural and nonstructural damage levels of over 60 RC buildings with 2–12 stories. The results of the study confirmed that older mid-rise structures with limited ductility capacity may have been shaken past their capacity. To elucidate the widespread damage in mid-rise RC framed structures, the post-earthquake reconnaissance effort is complemented with inelastic modeling and simulation of several representative RC framing systems with and without masonry infill walls. It was confirmed that the addition of non-isolated masonry infills significantly impacts the ductility capacity and increases the potential for a soft-story mechanism formation in RC frames originally analyzed and designed to be bare systems.
For the first time in Mexico, a comprehensive data gathering and analysis project on the seismic performance of school buildings in the aftermath of the 2017 earthquakes was developed. Aimed at supporting the planning and decision-making of the Mexican government’s reconstruction program, school performance was observed and measured in the field. To further evaluate building performance, numerical modeling of archetypical buildings was carried out. Calculated performance was consistent with observed structural damage. Numerical analysis indicated that pre-1985 masonry and concrete buildings are more likely to exhibit damage that could compromise the structural stability. In contrast, recent structures are very likely to attain the immediate occupancy (IO) performance level that is implicitly assumed in school design. Studies indicated that rehabilitated school buildings through wall jacketing in masonry buildings and by adding new concrete shear walls and masonry infills to concrete structures are likely to comply with IO. From the lessons learned, policy, technical, implementation, and sustainability and outreach recommendations are proposed to implement a multiannual, systematic, incremental, and integral strategy for reducing earthquake risk of school buildings in Mexico.
RESUMENEl diseño convencional de pilas y pilotes ante cargas laterales considera de manera casi exclusiva la acción de las fuerzas que induce la estructura en su cabeza. El paso de las ondas sísmicas a través de los elementos de cimentación también produce solicitaciones mecánicas debidas a la incompatibilidad de deformaciones entre el suelo y la pila o el pilote. La distribución y magnitud de los elementos mecánicos debidos a ambos fenómenos difiere en gran medida, y depende de la estratigrafía y las condiciones de apoyo de la pila o pilote. En este trabajo se utiliza un método de estratos finitos para estimar los elementos mecánicos en pilas y pilotes ante cargas dinámicas. Se considera la restricción parcial al giro en la punta del elemento de cimentación y la conexión de la cabeza con la superestructura. Estos aspectos tienen influencia en la respuesta lateral de pilas y pilotes, sobre todo para elementos de gran diámetro. Se desarrolla un análisis paramétrico para determinar las diferencias cualitativas entre los elementos mecánicos introducidos por la aplicación de fuerzas en la cabeza de la pila o pilote y aquellos generados por el paso de ondas sísmicas. Palabras Clave: Pilas y pilotes; interacción cinemática e inercial; diseño de cimentaciones ABSTRACTConventional design of piles under lateral loads considers almost in an exclusively way the action of the forces that the structure introduces into the head of the pile. Seismic waves passing through the foundation produces inner forces on the piles too, due to the strain incompatibility between the pile and the surrounding soil. The distribution and magnitude of internal forces due to forces at pile head and wave passage are very different and depend strongly on soil stratigraphy and supporting conditions on the pile toe and head. In this work a finite layer method to compute internal forces generated by lateral solicitations on embedded piles is used. A partial rotation restriction at the pile toe and the connection of the pile to the superstructure is explicitly considered. These issues have an important influence, particularly on piles with large diameters. A parametric analysis for different soil-pile configurations subjected to lateral forces is developed, in order to establish qualitative differences between the solicitations produced by forces at pile head and those produce by wave passage.
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