Desde inicios del nuevo siglo y bajo las transformaciones desplegadas en los últimos 50 años a partir de la crisis cíclica del capitalismo, tiene lugar un creciente desplazamiento espacial del proceso de acumulación hacia el Sur Global (SG). Tomando este último como unidad de análisis (y observando en su interior la interrelación de las macro regiones que lo componen), dicho desplazamiento es analizado a través de variables asociados a su dinámica, dinamismo y creciente capacidad de control sobre las cadenas de producción global. Inserto todo ello en el marco de la explosión demográfica del SG, los resultados dan cuenta de una inédita alteración de la estructura jerárquica del capitalismo desde su nacimiento, al tiempo que abre un nuevo mapa para el examen de las jerarquías y su funcionamiento respecto del habitual esquema analítico (centro – semi-periferia – periferia) difundido por la teoría del sistema mundo. Una redefinición de la agenda analítico y estratégica se despende de ello a nivel geopolítico y geoeconómico global.
This article analyzes the economic convergence of the global South with the global North (GS and GN, respectively) as well as the divergence within the GS between Asia and “the rest” (Latin America and Africa). In order to address these processes, the paper is structured in three parts. In the first part, the fundamentals that support this “divergent convergence” are considered in light of two theoretical perspectives: world-systems analysis (WSA) and Latin American Structuralism (LAS). We take into account the analytical tools of these theoretical perspectives and differentiate the historical, systemic, and top-down approach of WSA (focused on the contributions of Wallerstein and Arrighi) from the historical, structural, and bottom-up perspective of LAS. In the second part, we analyze the convergence of the GS with the GN in terms of economic dynamic, economic dynamism, and control of the accumulation process, as well as the divergence within the GS between Asia and “the rest”. We finally argue the possibility and necessity of complementing WSA and LAS approaches in order to explain these simultaneous processes of “divergent convergence” and to reflect on the challenges for the rest of the GS in facing the consolidation of Asian dominance under Chinese leadership.
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