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Objective: to evaluate the knowledge of teachers and employees after first aid training. Methods: this is a near pretest and post-test experiment for 35 staff and teachers of a school, evaluated using validated instruments for knowledge and skill in two stages, before and after a course/training. Results: 97.1% (34) female professionals participated, 42.8% (15) reported having received some training and 71.4% (25) had already witnessed an emergency case. Before the training, an average score of 19.43 referring to skill and 2.91 points in knowledge was verified and after 174.57 points in skill and 9.17 in knowledge, a statistically significant difference by the Wilcoxon Signal Station Test (p<0.001). Conclusion: training is effective, with a significant increase in the percentage of correct answers after first aid training in the school environment.Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de professores e funcionários após um treinamento de primeiros socorros. Métodos: trata-se de um quase experimento do tipo pré e pós-teste, para 35 funcionários e professores de uma escola, avaliados com a utilização de instrumentos validados, quanto ao conhecimento e a habilidade em duas etapas, antes e após um curso/treinamento. Resultados: participaram 97,1% (34) profissionais do sexo feminino, 42,8% (15) afirmaram já terem recebido algum treinamento e 71,4% (25) já presenciaram uma emergência. Verificou-se antes do treinamento uma pontuação média de 19,43 pontos referentes a habilidade e 2,91 pontos no conhecimento e após 174,57 pontos na habilidade e 9,17 no conhecimento, diferença estatisticamente significativa pelo Teste de Postos Sinalizados de Wilcoxon (p<0,001). Conclusão: o treinamento é efetivo, com aumento significativo da porcentagem de acertos após o treinamento em primeiros socorros no ambiente escolar.

Contemporary optimization models suggest that animals optimize benefits of foraging and minimize its costs. For wild bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus), nut-cracking entails cost related to lifting the heavy stone and striking the nut and additional cost to transport the stone if it is not already on the anvil. To assess the role of stone mass and transport distance in capuchins' tool selection, we carried out three field experiments. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether transport distance affected choice of a tool by positioning two stones of the same mass close and far from the anvil. Capuchins consistently selected the closer stone, effectively reducing transport costs. In Experiment 2, we examined the trade-off between the cost of transport and the effectiveness in cracking by positioning two stones of different mass close and far from the anvil. Most subjects significantly preferred the closer stone, regardless of mass, whereas others preferred the heavier stone regardless of transport distance. In Experiment 3, we changed transport distance of both stones while maintaining the same distance ratios as in Experiment 2. Capuchins maintained the preferences expressed in Experiment 2, with the exception of one subject. Overall, our findings indicate that (1) individuals vary in their sensitivity to distance of transport, (2) a few meters are perceived as a substantive cost by some monkeys, and (3) monkeys' body mass affects their decisions. We also developed a non-dimensional Preference index (P) defined as a function of the stone mass and the transport distance to describe monkey's choice.

Highlights COVID-19 exposes pre-existing conflicts occurring in ASGM in the Brazilian Amazon. Existing failures of the state to support ASGM communities increase vulnerability. Miners’ capacity for self-organization is fundamental to cope with the crisis. Cooperation may provide mechanisms tool for post-crisis conflict transformation.

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining in the Amazonian countries has undergone important technological improvements in recent decades. Nevertheless, this type of mining is largely associated with the use of rudimentary, low-tech and often manual methods, with inefficient gold recovery. This article aims at investigating how innovations and improvements in the technology used in small-scale gold mines are connected to a broader perception of the miners about the integration of more modern and effective techniques. A technographical approach enabled the understanding of mining practices as embodied cultural knowledge and to fill the information gap between the study of materials and techniques with the study of people and communities. We discuss how the technology of small-scale gold mining in the region of Peixoto de Azevedo (Mato Grosso, Brazil) has changed since the early 1980s, giving particular attention to the recent introduction of two main innovations: the mechanized exploration drill and the cyanidation process. In this region, miners are successfully organized in cooperatives efforts to mutually reinforce the integration of innovative and effective techniques. Finally, we introduce the three notions of foresight (visão), agility (agilidade) and development (desenvolvimento) that emerged during fieldwork and conceptually frame the likeliness of acceptance and promulgation of innovations in this context. Sustainable mining may only succeed if a wider vision of the future of the sector (foresight) joins public policies that facilitate the practical process of innovation during each phase of its realization (agility) in order to achieve an advanced social status of the local community (development).

The ability to carry objects has been considered an important selective pressure favoring the evolution of bipedal locomotion in early hominins. Comparable behaviors by extant primates have been studied very little, as few primates habitually carry objects bipedally. However, wild bearded capuchins living at Fazenda Boa Vista spontaneously and habitually transport stone tools by walking bipedally, allowing us to examine the characteristics of bipedal locomotion during object transport by a generalized primate. In this pilot study, we investigated the mechanical aspects of position and velocity of the center of mass, trunk inclination, and forelimb postures, and the torque of the forces applied on each anatomical segment in wild bearded capuchin monkeys during the transport of objects, with particular attention to the tail and its role in balancing the body. Our results indicate that body mass strongly affects the posture of transport and that capuchins are able to carry heavy loads bipedally with a bent-hip-bent-knee posture, thanks to the "strategic" use of their extendable tail; in fact, without this anatomical structure, constituting only 5 % of their body mass, they would be unable to transport the loads that they habitually carry.

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