Hippocampal atrophy may not be exclusively related to seizure activity in patients with NCC. Other mechanisms, such as recurrent bouts of inflammation around calcified cysticerci, might explain the association between NCC and hippocampal atrophy.
Headache in patients with calcified neurocysticercosis (NCC) is probably common but has been largely overlooked. We aimed to assess the presence, characteristics, and diagnosis of headache across patients with calcified NCC and their matched controls. In this case-control study nested to a population-based cohort, Atahualpa residents aged ≥ 20 years with calcified NCC were identified as case patients and paired 1:1 to age- and gender-matched randomly selected controls. A culturally adapted questionnaire was derived from the EUROLIGHT. Headache diagnosis was established according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Conditional logistic regression models for matched paired data were fitted to assess the independent association between calcified NCC (as the exposure) and headache variables, after adjusting for education, alcohol intake, depression, and epilepsy. The selection process generated 106 case patients and their matched controls. Lifetime headache prevalence (odds ratio [OR]: 4.18; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.79-9.75; = 0.001), current headaches (OR: 4.19; 95% CI: 1.92-9.16; < 0.001), and intense headaches (OR: 9.47; 95% CI: 2.88-31.19; < 0.001) were more frequent among cases than in controls. In addition, migraine (but not other forms of headache) was more frequent among subjects with calcified NCC (OR: 4.89; 95% CI: 2.36-11.39; < 0.001). This study shows a robust epidemiological association between headache-particularly migraine-and calcified NCC.
89.8% vs. 73.3%, p¼0.004, T1c; 90.0% vs. 62.6%, p¼0.046). Furthermore, clinical T categories significantly separated the OS in Solid arm (p¼0.015) (T1a vs. T1b; p¼0.090, T1b vs. T1c; p¼0.037). In contrast, the 5y-OS was approximately 90% or more in GGO arm despite their T categories. Moreover, regarding radiological and pathological correlations, the rates of AIS was only 65% in Tis, and 51% showed invasive adenocarcinoma even in T1mi. Conclusion: Clinical T category should be considered based on the presence of GGO on thin-section CT, and tumor size should be applied exclusively to radiological solid lung cancer. In contrast, oncological outcomes of the tumor with GGO component were excellent despite their T categories, which should be described as Tis for pure-GGO, and T1a for part-solid tumor.
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