Tax Competitiveness of EU Member States in the Context of Corporate Taxation Despite the tax coordination and harmonisation, as the tax burden convergence processes, the corporate taxation systems differ among EU Member States, which can affect the development of economies to various degrees. The main objective of the paper is to assess whether the EU-27 countries are competitive in the field of corporate taxation and to verify whether "new Member States" are considered more competitive than the "old Member States". Empirical research from 2004 to 2014 used traditional quantitative indicators and specific quantitative methods in the form of tax rate relations, cluster analysis and constant market shares method, the application of which in the tax field is one of the main benefits of the research. Empirical results have highlighted the significant and positive impact of tax competitiveness on growth of corporate earnings growth. It has also shown that tax competition among countries is not clearly associated with a decrease in tax rates and will persist unless harmonization efforts are successful.
The paper refers to important tax evasion consequences in the form of destabilization and countries’ fiscal development deteoriation. The main objective of the research is to analyse the selected determinants impact on short‑term fiscal imbalance expressed as primary balance with the emphasis on tax evasion. The object of the research is analysed using a panel regression model within four pre‑identified clusters during the period of 21 years. The results of the conducted analysis point out that the tax evasion has a significant effect primary balance. They also point out the differences of tax evasion impact, extent and timeing effect on primary balance between clusters. A future analysis with adjusted and modified investigated period, segmentation criteria in the cluster analysis or exogenous variables in the panel regression analysis could provide a different insight into this problem.
Abstract. The corporate tax burden is in the spotlight of entrepreneurs, investors, politicians, lawyers, economists, research scholars and analysts, because corporate tax encompasses variety of economic, political and social aspects. The presented research focuses on identification, analysis and assessment of current state of corporate taxation in countries across Europe. Its main purpose is to elaborate an economically meaningful categorization of the EU countries based on the level of corporate taxes, tax competition and tax policy convergence. Authors used two clustering methods to differentiate the groups of countries within the European Union. We decided to organize the EU countries states into five clusters. Although the number of clusters was selected solely based on our decision and the results of testing in R-program, identical results by both Ward's hierarchical method and non-hierarchical k-means method grounded our choice of the EU member states grouping into five clusters. According to categorization results for 2013, both non-hierarchical k-means method and hierarchical Ward's method grouped the EU countries in identical clusters. However, results for 2015 for Malta and the United Kingdom came differently by Ward's method and k-means method. We assume these shift may be caused by significant changes in segmentation criteria between analysed years or by some processes in the methodology of the methods used. The countries remaining in the first cluster either in 2013 and 2015 (namely, Italy, Belgium and France) have large macroeconomic issues and instability in public finances. A low fiscal discipline was reflected in the indicator deficit, as well as in the average value of public debt. All countries in the first cluster have a similar corporate taxation system and with their high level of corporate taxation can be considered as the least competitive in both years researched. Results confirmed tax competition between countries within the European Union. Cluster analysis proved that the level of convergence in the European Union countries' tax systems is not sufficient. A certain level of convergence of corporate tax system is shown, but we conclude that it rather exists in two separate groups of the member states (the old and the new EU member countries) separately. Therefore, there is still much space for tax harmonization measures implementation. Міхокова Люция кандидат економічних наук, асистент, економічний факультет, кафедра фінансів, Технічний університет в Кошице, Словацька республіка Андрейовска Алена кандидат економічних наук, асистент, економічний факультет, кафедра фінансів, Технічний університет в Кошице, Словацька республіка Мартінкова Славоміра аспірант, економічний факультет, кафедра фінансів, Технічний університет в Кошице, Словацька республіка Категоризація оподаткування підприємств у країнах Європейського Союзу на основі кластерного аналізу: порівняльне дослідження Анотація. Питання оподаткування підприємств традиційно знаходиться в центрі уваги підприємців, інвесторів, політиків,...
Although the value added tax is most o en used tax it is a relatively young tax instrument that can assure signifi cant increase in countries tax revenues. The advantage of VAT is that it is a consumption tax and so the tax payers take it as a natural part of the price. To assure the transparency and fl exibility of relationships between EU countries, EC stresses the need of harmonizing Member States' approaches to VAT rates and tax bases. Development of its rates refers to a relative autonomy of the states' policies and at the same time illustrates the changes in the tax harmonization process, which enhances the need for its research. The paper analyzes the development of VAT rates in the EU since their introduction, with the emphasis on the period 2000-2012. Development is evaluated in terms of harmonization and fi scal consolidation in the crisis years. At the same time the implicit rate of value added tax is determined, which serves as a measure of tax collection success to its base.
The corporate income tax is a corporate tax which aggregates economic, political and social aspects. The paper focuses on identification, analysis and assessment of homogenous EU countries groups, which show the common characteristics in the field of corporate taxation based on the selected segmentation criteria. Within the statistical meta-analysis in this paper some several methodical approaches were used: variants of agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, k-means method and fuzzy c-means and also multidimensional scaling method are implemented and compared. The purpose of this research is, in the context of theoretical implication to provide a synthesis of knowledge and empirical evidence about selected determinants of corporate taxation, and to verify the applicability of the clustering methods when gaining knowledge in the field of taxation. In the context of practical implication is the main purpose of this research the categorization of European countries into economically meaningful clusters, based on their similarity in corporate taxation, and to assess the convergence of European countries in corporate taxation. Results of provided cluster analysis are five groups of multidimensional objects with distinctive characteristics: nominal and effective corporate tax rate, economic performance and the level of debt.
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