Experimental power is a measure of the ability of an experiment to detect differences between treatment means. Researchers design experiments and then calculate the probability that differences are simply due to chance, the null hypothesis. The objective of the analyses reported here was to determine the appropriate number of samples to demonstrate significant differences of various magnitudes from broiler chicken blood constituents. Over 800 samples were taken for a study of the effects of sample storage time, serum vs. plasma, light intensity, and fed vs. fasted birds on blood cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, glucose, total protein (TP), albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, gammaGT, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, Ca and P. Various transformations increased the QQ plot R2 values from 0.000 to 0.149 or 0.00 to 17.62%. Most of the QQ plot R2 values were at or above 0.90. The 1/x2 transformation of blood P data showed the biggest increase in QQ plot R2 (0.846 to 0.995). The different standard deviations and coefficients of variation (CVs) found for each variable resulted in widely different numbers of replicates needed to detect differences in 2 treatment means. The extremes were glucose with a CV of 6.9% and ALT with a CV of 39.7%. For glucose, 15 replicates are needed to find a 10% difference in 97% of experiments; for ALT, 15 replicates would detect a 50% difference 91% of the time. The use of parameters such as cholesterol, glucose, TP, albumin, and globulin showed low CVs, indicating they may be considered as stable parameters. The lower CVs make it possible to find differences with a smaller number of replicates used in studies. As reported, the phosphorus values did not have a normal distribution of the data, so a transformation of these data could be an alternative to better discuss the results found.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of dry residue of cassava (DRC) with or without supplementation of carbohydrases on performance, carcass yield, cuts and organs, blood parameters and meat quality of broiler chickens. Birds were distributed in a completely randomised design in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme, with or without addition of carbohydrases and five levels of DRC inclusion, resulting in 10 treatments with 5 replicates of 22 birds each. At 21 days of age, two birds of each treatment were fasted for 6 hours for blood brachial puncture. At 42 days, four birds per pen were slaughtered to determine carcass yield, cuts, organs, percentage of abdominal fat and meat quality. Between 1-21 days of age, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between carbohydrase and DRC supplementation on weight gain (WG) and feed intake, which showed a decreasing linear effect without the inclusion of carbohydrases. In the period from 1 to 42 days, there was an interaction (P < 0.05) between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion on the variables WG and feed conversion. Carbohydrase inclusion provided an increase (P < 0.05) in the concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, gamma GT and blood glucose. Concentrations of gamma GT were increased and levels of alanine aminotransferase and creatinine were decreased (P < 0.05) with DRC inclusion. At 24 hours post mortem, there was a significant interaction (P < 0.05) for breast meat between carbohydrase supplementation and DRC inclusion for the variable L. The analysed values of pH, water holding capacity and shear force of the breast meat were not affected (P > 0.05) by DRC inclusion and carbohydrase addition. However, cooking loss was influenced (P < 0.05) by levels of inclusion of DRC. The L and a* variable and the feet of broiler chickens were not affected (P > 0.05) by DRC levels and carbohydrase addition. The colour variable b* showed a decrease (P < 0.05) from 5% level of inclusion. The results of this study show that DRC can be used in the diets of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days old to the assessed level of 10%, provided that carbohydrase is added. ResumoO objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão do resíduo seco de fecularia (RSF) com ou sem a suplementação de carboidrases sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e órgãos, parâmetros sanguíneos e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte. As aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, constituído da combinação da adição ou não de carboidrases e cinco níveis de inclusão de RSF, resultando em 10 tratamentos, com cinco repetições de 22 aves cada. Aos 21 dias de idade, duas aves por unidade experimental foram mantidas em jejum por 6 horas, para coleta de sangue via punção braquial. Aos 42 dias de idade, quatro aves por unidade experimental foram abatidas para determinação do rendimento de carcaça, cortes, órgãos, porcentagem de gordura abdominal e avaliação da qualidade da carne. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade houve in...
This study aimed to evaluate the use of wattle tannin as an adsorbent of toxic metals in broilers fed on diets with different levels of replacement of limestone with golden mussel meal. First, we conducted a trial to evaluate the performance of broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days old when fed on wattle tannin. For this we used 720 male broiler chicks that were one day old, in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replications. The treatments were composed of basal diets with increasing levels of wattle tannin (0, 250, 500, 750, 1000 and 1250 g tonne-1), where the tannin replaced the inert material of the feed. All of the diets were isonutritive and isocaloric. The results showed that 250 g tonne-1 of tannin was detrimental to weight gain, final weight and feed conversion, and the use of 1000 g tonne-1 of wattle tannin, in addition to these effects, caused a drop in consumption of the ration. There was no effect of treatment on morphometric measurements of villi, crypt or the villus:crypt ratio. Next, we conducted a second test to evaluate the performance of broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days of age when fed with increasing levels of replacement (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%) of limestone with golden mussel and even supplementation or not wattle tannin. Five repetitions were used and the birds were housed in a completely randomized design. In diets with the inclusion of tannin, 250 g tonne-1 of wattle tannin was used, which replaced the inert material in the feed. In this test, 1200 male broiler chicks that were one day old were used. The results showed that the golden mussel contains large quantities of calcium, with low concentrations of toxic metals and microbiological contamination within the allowed range. Performance data show that mussel can be used to replace up to 100% of limestone in feed without affecting the variables, but the use of 250 g tonne-1 of wattle tannin affects the performance of chicks. Bone quality was not changed by the treatments. Phosphorus and calcium in the bones remained stable during treatment and only the gray variation showed interaction effects from the use of mussel and wattle tannin.
ResumoA avicultura brasileira ocupa posição de destaque no cenário mundial e existe a necessidade de que esta produção ocorra de forma sustentável, sendo assim a nutrição destes animais deve ser realizada de forma que provoque o menor impacto ambiental possível. Frente ao exposto surgem as conchas calcárias do mexilhão dourado que é um molusco invasor que ocupa grande parte dos rios de água doce da América do Sul e é responsável por gerar grandes impactos ambientais. O alto teor de cálcio (Ca) presente no mexilhão dourado faz com que este seja um potencial alimento com capacidade de substituir o calcário calcítico em dietas de frangos de corte, porém o seu hábito alimentar filtrador faz com que este possa conter teores de metais tóxicos como o cádmio (Cd) e o chumbo (Pb) que se contidos no interior do mexilhão podem causar contaminação dos frangos e conseqüentemente também dos produtos alimentícios derivados destes. Palavras chave:Limnoperna fortunei; cálcio; contaminantes; metais pesados tóxicos. AbstractBrazilian poultry farming occupies a prominent position in the world scenario and there is a need for this production to occur in a sustainable way, so the nutrition of these animals must be carried out in a way that causes the least possible environmental impact. In front of it, the calcareous shells of the golden mussel, an invading mollusk that occupies a large part of the freshwater rivers of South America, arise and are responsible for generating large environmental impacts. The high content of calcium present in the golden mussel makes it a potential food with the capacity to replace calcitic limestone in broiler diets, but its feeding habit makes it possible to contain contents of toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) that are contained inside the mussel can cause contamination of the chickens and consequently of the food products derived from them. Keywords:Limnoperna fortunei; calcium; contaminants; toxic heavy metals. Possibilidade do uso de Mexilhão Dourado contaminado com metais tóxicos em dietas para frangos de cortePossibility of using Golden Mussel contaminated with toxic metals in diets for broilers Posibilidad del uso de mejillón dorado contaminado con metales tóxicos en dietas para pollos de corte
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