The close spatial relation among foam cell accumulation, pronounced intimal SMC loss, and cell death suggests the presence of a foam cell-derived factor that can induce cell death in the SMC population of the intimal thickening. The depletion of the intimal SMC population could promote plaque rupture and thrombotic complications in the grafts.
The adhesion of plated metals on top of chemically treated epoxy layers for build-up purposes was examined. Specifically, the influence of wet chemical pretreatments on the adhesion of plated copper to epoxy polymer is investigated. This adhesion is related to the surface roughness of the polymer and the chemical composition of its surface. The chemical composition of the surface was examined by X-ray photoelectron spectrscopy and placed in the context of the development of the interface during the wet chemical pretreatments and related to the theory developed in previous publications. Various combinations of pretreatments were followed by an identical electrochemical Cu deposition and peel strength measurement sequence. This allowed interpretation of the changes of the peel strength with pretreatments. Using this interpretation, the peel strength of build-up layers was maximized. We propose that the surface of the polymer layer develops into a fractal surface during wet chemical oxidation. Using this proposition, in combination with pore diffusion for the oxidizer, the evolution of peel strengths with chemical pretreatment times can be qualitatively understood. The peel strength of electrochemically deposited copper can be quantitatively related to the atomic force microscopy measurements for limited oxidation treatment times.
Sugar cane burning in Brazil causes remarkable amounts of organic compounds to be emitted amongst which the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent serious health hazards.Therefore, twenty-four hour aerosol samples (< 10 m aerodynamic diameter) were collected in Araraquara city (São Paulo state) during the harvest season using a Hi-Vol sampler. PAHs were recovered using an Accelerated Solvent Extractor and analyzed by low pressure-gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (LP-GC-ITMS). The fully automated extraction process was performed in less than 25 min with a solvent consumption of approximately 20 mL.The use of a deactivated 0.6 m x 0.10 mm ID restrictor coupled to a 10 m wide-bore analytical column allowed most of the 16 PAHs in EPA's priority list to be identified and quantified in only 13 min. Concentrations of PAHs in Araraquara aerosols ranged between 0.5 ng m -3 and 8.6 ng m -3 .
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