Keywords: steel, welding, cracking, hot dip galvanizing
Resumo: Galvanização a quente é um meio muito efetivo de proteção contra a corrosão. Recomendações relativas a qualidade do aço são geralmente conhecidas e aceitas. O processo consiste de limpar (decapagem ou jateamento) e mergulhar as estruturas ou partes destas em um banho de zinco líquido. O presente trabalho apresenta casos de falhas recentes em estruturas soldadas e em parafusos de aços de alta resistência galvanizados a quente. As estruturas foram fabricadas com aço do grau S355 e o processo MIG/MAG
Residual stress distributions in fillet welds in 8 mm 900 MPa steel have been mapped perpendicular and parallel to the weld line and also through the thickness in the vicinity of weld toe position. Measurements were carried out on four welds when two of them were performed with conventional and two with the so called LTT (low transformation temperature) filler materials. Both neutron and X-ray diffractions were used for determination of the residual stress distribution. Fatigue properties have also been evaluated for all test welds. Neutron diffraction measurements showed that the stress profiles perpendicular to the weld toe qualitatively did not depend on filler material type although the absolute stress levels differed. Trends were similar for positions 2, 4 and 6 millimetres below the surface for all three stress components; σx (direction perpendicular to the weld), σy (parallel to the weld) and σz (through the thickness). X-ray diffraction showed difference in residual stress level at the weld toe. Lower residual stress levels have been identified for LTT filler material when compared to the conventional consumable compositions. The effect of residual stress is discussed in relation to fatigue properties of all four welds. Remarkable higher fatigue strength has been measured for welds prepared by the LTT filler materials.
It is well known that fatigue strength of welded joints does not depend on steel strength. Better fatigue strength of welded joints, e.g. longer life time of fatigue loaded weld structures, can be achieved with a smooth transition between the weld and the base material to minimize stress concentration. It has also been recognized that residual stresses play a critical role in the fatigue behaviour of welds. In the last decade an extensive research has been performed in order to increase the fatigue strength of high strength steel weldments. The martensite and bainite transformation start temperatures of weld metals have been shown to have a large effect on fatigue life time of high strength steel welds. This is of particular importance if the full potential of high strength steels is to be used in fatigue loaded constructions. A detailed investigation of the effect of phase transformation temperature on residual stress distribution in the vicinity high strength steel welds and its effect on fatigue life time has been performed. The transformation temperature of the weld metal was varied by changing the chemical composition of the filler material. Residual stress distributions have been measured by neutron as well as by X-ray diffraction and fatigue tests have been performed on the fillet welds. A strong effect of weld metal phase transformation temperature on residual stress level was observed. Fatigue strength increased approximately three times when an optimised low transformation temperature filler material was used in comparison to the application of conventional filler material.
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