Propulsion is required for satellite motion in outer space. The displacement of a satellite in space, orbit transfer and its attitude control are the task of space propulsion, which is carried out by rocket engines. Electric propulsion uses electric energy to energize or accelerate the propellant. The electric propulsion, which uses electrical energy to accelerate propellant in the form of plasma, is known as plasma propulsion. Plasma propulsion utilizes the electric energy to first, ionize the propellant and then, deliver energy to the resulting plasma leading to plasma acceleration. Many types of plasma thrusters have been developed over last 50 years. The variety of these devices can be divided into three main categories dependent on the mechanism of acceleration: (i) electrothermal, (ii) electrostatic and (iii) electromagnetic. Recent trends in space exploration associate with the paradigm shift towards small and efficient satellites, or micro-and nano-satellites. A particular example of microthruster considered in this paper is the micro-cathode arc thruster (µCAT). The µCAT is based on vacuum arc discharge. Thrust is produced when the arc discharge erodes some of the cathode at high velocity and is accelerated out the nozzle by a Lorentz force. The thrust amount is controlled by varying the frequency of pulses with demonstrated range to date of 1-50 Hz producing thrust ranging from 1 µN to 0.05 mN.
The effects induced in cells due to treatment with cold atmospheric plasma jet are studied. Cell migration rate is measured by means of time‐lapse microscopy. In order to characterize cell surface integrin expression, the fluorescent response of cells after surface integrins are stained with specific antibodies is measured by flow cytometry. We show that treatment of cells with plasma jet affects the cells on sub‐cellular level, namely decreases expression of cell surface integrins (β1 and αv integrins were tested). This change in integrin expression might be the original cause for the effects observed on cellular level, such as reduced cell migration rate and cell detachment observed experimentally.
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