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The present study analyzes the characteristics of Salmonella spp. from broiler chicken farms in Brazil. In total, 82 Salmonella spp. strains were characterized by serotyping, determining susceptibility to antimicrobials, and using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Fifteen Salmonella serotypes were identified, among which Minnesota (40.24%), Infantis (14.63%), Heidelberg (7.31%), Senftenberg (6.09%), and Mbandaka (6.09%) were the most frequent. Salmonella Minnesota occurred mostly in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and in one of the broiler companies surveyed. Approximately 60% of the strains were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. From these isolates, 17.07% were resistant to only one antimicrobial (tetracycline or streptomycin), and 9.75% were resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes. Thirteen resistance profiles were characterized, the most frequent of which were the resistance to tetracycline (15.85%); to the combination of trimethroprim with sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (10.97%); and to the combination of streptomycin and tetracycline (9.75%). Multiple correspondence analysis revealed that susceptibility or resistance of the analyzed strains and also particular Salmonella serotypes were associated with broiler-producing companies where the samples were collected. Strains presented high intraserotype genetic variability, as shown by the 64 PFGE profiles, suggesting the existence of several contamination sources in the surveyed farms.

O pré-natal é essencial para que a mulher se prepare para ser mãe, e é por meio das consultas e outras ações desenvolvidas no âmbito da Estratégia Saúde da Família que a gestante é acompanhada quanto ao desenvolvimento de sua gestação e as condições do bebê. Objetivou-se identificar a importância atribuída pelas gestantes às ações do enfermeiro no pré-natal. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de natureza qualitativa, realizado com 13 gestantes da Estratégia de Saúde da Família Vila Serranópolis. Os dados foram coletados no período de março a abril de 2016 por meio de uma entrevista estruturada. Os resultados mostraram que as gestantes identificaram a mensuração de dados vitais, as orientações e as reuniões educativas como ações da assistência pré-natal realizadas pelo enfermeiro e reconheceram a importância destas. Consideraram que os conselhos, esclarecimento de dúvidas e a tranquilidade transmitida pelos enfermeiros durante as consultas do pré-natal como fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da gestação. Conclui-se que apesar das gestantes reconhecerem a importância das ações realizadas pelo enfermeiro durante o pré-natal é necessário que esses profissionais busquem estratégias para melhorar a assistência às gestantes no sentido de reforçar as ações de educação em saúde e a criação de vínculo entre à gestante e o serviço de saúde.

Time–intensity analysis was applied for sweet and sour tastes and strawberry flavor of six commercial brands of strawberry jam. For this test, 11 subjects, between 25 and 35 years old, were selected from an initial 12‐member group. An affective test, with 117 consumers was also carried out and the results were analyzed by internal preference mapping. The least accepted samples were the ones with the lowest sweetness intensity, indicating that jam consumers prefer sweeter products. Also, one of them presented a higher sourness intensity, which may have had a negative influence on its acceptance. It is important to point out the fact that those least accepted samples were the low‐calorie products. The internal preference mapping and cluster analysis showed two consumer clusters. The first one was a higher concentration of consumers toward traditional samples, and the second one showed a lower concentration of consumers in the direction of one of the low‐calorie samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Time–intensity analysis is used in order to obtain the temporal profile of an attribute in a certain product. This technique is different from the conventional descriptive analysis because it allows the verification of changes in the perception of a product's attribute over time. Consumer preference responses are usually heterogeneous, and averaged consumer data may not be representative of any individual opinion. Thus, the awareness of interindividual differences in preference behavior gave rise to an increasing popularity of consumer segmentation. In this case, a preference map is applied. Observing both descriptive and affective data at the same time, it is possible to determine which attributes have influenced the consumer's preference.

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Sensory analysis has become a valuable tool in qualifying consumer perception regarding cosmetic products. This study aims to explore the application of discriminative and affective consumers sensory analysis in evaluating the influence of nanoencapsulation on the sensory properties and rheological characteristics of a cosmetic formulation containing lipoic acid. The nanocapsules were prepared by the pre-formed polymer precipitation method. Semisolid formulations were prepared using a silicone emulsion system, and these pseudoplastic fluids were characterized using rheological methods. The panellists (n = 88) analysed the formulations with and without nanoencapsulated lipoic acid as paired comparisons within the discriminative and affective sensory analysis. In these measurements, spreadability, stickiness, oiliness and sulphur odour were evaluated. The panellists had no previous training in conducting these measurements. It was shown that nanotechnology can change some sensory characteristics of the formulations. The spreadability, stickiness and oiliness are the attributes for which the panellists noted differences with statistical significance. The spreadability difference could be due to the results found in the rheological profiles and consistency indexes between formulations. In the discriminative analysis, the panellists could not detect any noticeable differences in the sulphur odour or residual properties between samples, attributes that would influence whether consumers adhered to the selected treatment. Considering affective analysis, the consumers communicated that the formulation containing the nanoencapsulated lipoic acid, which presented less consistency, was preferred based on the reduction in immediate stickiness and residual sulphur odour. The free lipoic acid formulation was preferred in terms of residual oiliness and spreadability.

We hypothesized that sham-chewing expressed by the dam during gestation affects fetus programming. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of maternal sham-chewing on offspring welfare indicators, such as behavior and physiology. Sows that exhibited consistent sham-chewing on at least two of 6 days of observation (N = 7) were compared with sows that had never performed sham-chewing (non-sham-chewing sows; N = 4) during these 6 days. Salivary samples from sows and piglets were collected and cortisol concentrations were analyzed to assess the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity as cortisol is a physiological indicator of welfare. Moreover, placental tissue was collected, right after farrowing, to assess cortisol and cortisone concentration. Piglet behavior and fear tests were performed after weaning (one couple per sow). In the fear tests, data was collected in an open field test to determine the states of fear indicators. Non-sham-chewing sows had lower concentrations of cortisol on days 91 and 92 of gestation in the morning. In addition to this, placental cortisol was higher among sham-chewing sows than non-sham-chewing sows. In the open field test, piglets born from non-sham-chewing sows demonstrated more latency to move in the arena and less activity, indicating more fear. Based on our data, we concluded that the expression of maternal sham-chewing is related to less fear in their offspring. Although stereotypies have been studied, attention has not been devoted to the effects of the prenatal period in considering a fetal reprogramming approach.