Objetivou-se, neste estudo, verificar o efeito do uso combinado de Azospirillum brasilense, ácidos húmicos e diferentes doses de nitrogênio nas características agronômicas do trigo. Os experimentos foram instalados no dia 21 de maio de 2011 e a colheita foi procedida no dia 13 de setembro de 2011. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator se refere à combinação da estirpe Ab-V5 de A. brasilense com os ácidos húmicos, sendo utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: controle; Ab-V5; ácido húmico e Ab-V5+ácido húmico e o segundo fator se refere às doses de nitrogênio (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha-1 N). A maioria das variáveis em análise apresentou efeito linear positivo dos tratamentos em função da adubação nitrogenada sendo que apenas para a variável massa de cem grãos este efeito foi linear negativo. Não houve diferença significativa entre as variâncias, na produção de grãos. Pôde-se concluir que o uso combinado de Ab-V5 + ácido húmico promove principalmente a produção de matéria seca de folhas e não é responsivo à adubação nitrogenada para os demais componentes produtivos em estudo nem para a produtividade dos grãos.

The effects of diazotrophic bacteria inoculation associated to phosphate fertilization on plant growth and leaf gas exchange parameters in maize plants (Zea mays L.) were investigated in the present study. Maize plants were grown in 13-L pots filled with clayey Rhodic Hapludox in a greenhouse. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 4 × 2 factorial: four seed inoculation treatments [control (non-inoculated); inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strain AbV5; inoculation with Herbaspirillum seropedicae strain SmR1; and inoculation with two bacteria strains (A. brasiliense + H. seropedicae)] and two phosphate fertilization levels [no fertilized or fertilized with phosphorus (300 mg dm-3 of P 2 O 5)]. Phosphorus fertilization resulted in higher plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, dry matter yield of leaves, stems and sheaths of maize plants, regardless of seed inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense and H. seropedicae increased in 42% of the volume root, in 52% of the root dry matter and 25% of the plant height of maize, indicating an increase in the phosphorus solubilization or higher phosphorus use provided by the maize root system. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense associated to phosphorus fertilization increased in 23% of the relative chlorophyll content, resulting in higher metabolic structure to the photosynthetic activity of maize plants. The leaf CO 2 assimilation rate was not affected by the phosphorus fertilization and maize seed inoculation with A. brasilense and H. seropedicae.

-In Brazil, ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) has been identified as resistant to glyphosate, becoming a major problem, especially in crops cultivated in the winter season. This herbicide can indirectly affect photosynthesis by inhibiting biosynthesis of many compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of glyphosate on the physiological profile of susceptible and resistant ryegrass populations to the herbicide. The experimental design was completely randomized with two treatments (720 and 1,080 g e.a. ha ) and four replications plus control with no treatment. Two ryegrass populations were sown, one susceptible and another one resistant to glyphosate. After the treatments, evaluations were carried out at 1, 3, 7 and 28 days after application (DAA). Variables analyzed were: CO 2 net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, CO 2 internal concentration, transpiration, water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency. The glyphosate herbicide caused irreversible damage in a susceptible population which at 28 DAA in all variables analyzed this population was already dead and it was impossible to analyze it, but it was shown that the effects of this herbicide were intensified from the third day after application. In the case of the resistant population, at 3 DAA in all variables, it suffered significant effects comparing to the control, showing that even with a high level of resistance the herbicide can affect its metabolism. Keywords

Jurubeba fruit, raw and thermally processed for different periods of time, were preserved in soybean oil or vinegar and evaluated for physical characteristics, phytochemicals, antioxidant capacity and polyamines. The loss of green color in many vegetables after cooking is a frequent problem that affects the quality of pickled foods, and chlorophyll content is a relevant parameter to assess the quality. Data showed that a 20 min cooking treatment maintained the best fruit quality and no change in the chlorophyll content occurred. The thermal processing caused no increase in the carotenoid and flavonoid content as compared to the raw fruits, but caused an increase in the phenol content. At a cooking time of about 10 min, the antioxidant capacity increased. Cooking time did not cause significant differences in the content of isoorientin, rutin and caffeic acid. Spermine and spermidine contents were lower after 20 min of boiling. Jurubeba that was preserved in vinegar showed a lower pH and putrescine level, regardless of the cooking time used, whereas the use of oil caused an increase in carotenoids and antioxidant capacity.

The presence of biogenic amines, such as histamine and tyramine, in pickled food can cause health problems, such as allergies. However, other bioactive amines may be present and can induce some diseases. Some biogenic amines can react with nitrate and form nitrosamines, compounds harmful to human health. In this research, we qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated some biogenic amines and nitrate content in jurubeba preserved in oil or vinegar. The fruits were obtained from cultivated plants, or wild plants, or they were purchased from market. Jurubeba fruit was analyzed raw and after cooking. After thermal processing, the fruits were preserved in soybean oil or vinegar and were evaluated after 1 h and at 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. Variations in the contents of biogenic amine were found depending on the place from which the fruits were obtained, as well as depending on the type of preservative and time of storage. The nitrate levels did not exceed the established limits, mainly when preserved in vinegar, which also showed the lowest levels of biogenic amines.

Large volumes of residual biomass could represent a matter of concern for large-scale purification of natural compounds, heavily influencing processing industries and logistic sizing, amount of solvents employed for the extraction processes and the final chemical and biological waste generation. In the present study, carried out in Brazil, the production of curcuminoids in Curcuma longa L. rhizomes was maximized as a function of plant maturity and solar UV exclusion. Noteworthy, curcuminoid content reached its maximum at around the end of the early vegetative phase (65 days after planting), henceforward plant growth determined only a detrimental accumulation of wastes. The harvesting at this early phase of plant maturation led to a more than tenfold reduction of exceeding biomass. In addition, by means of an innovative, sustainable and high efficient magnetic purification process for curcuminoids based on Surface Active Maghemite Nanoparticles (SAMNs), an outstanding yield of 90% and >98% purity, were achieved in a single magnetic purification step. The formation of the SAMN-curcuminoid complex (SAMN@curcuminoid) was demonstrated by optical and electron spin resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The scalability of the purification method was proved by the application of an automatic modular pilot system for continuous magnetic purification of curcuminoids, capable of managing 100 L day−1 of SAMN@curcuminoid suspensions. The presented multidisciplinary approach embodies the fundamental principles of cleaner production providing a paradigm for the utilization of magnetic nanoparticles for biomolecule purification. Moreover, Brazilian agro-industries can benefit from sustainable innovation strategy outlined by the current study

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ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar o tipo de rizoma e o seccionamento do rizoma principal de taioba na produção de mudas. O experimento foi conduzido em Cáceres MT, no período de outubro de 2006 a março de 2007. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos (tipo de rizoma-semente) e quatro repetições: brotação secundária pequena (BSP), brotação secundária média (BSM), rizoma principal seccionado em duas partes (RPA1/2), rizoma principal apical seccionado em quatro partes (RPA1/4) e oito partes (RPA1/8); e rizoma principal basal seccionado em quatro partes (RPB1/4) e oito partes (RPB1/8). Os propágulos foram plantados em leitos com areia sob telado com sombreamento de 50%, sendo as mudas posteriormente transplantadas a campo para mensurar o desenvolvimento vegetativo. Os melhores resultados, quanto à emissão de brotações, massas fresca e seca das folhas e raízes, e o comprimento do pecíolo, foram observados nos propágulos RPA1/2, RPA1/4 e RPA1/8. Os tecidos da porção apical favoreceram o desenvolvimento de estruturas adventícias nos propágulos, promovendo o incremento em área foliar e comprimento de pecíolo no desenvolvimento posterior da muda. Observou-se viabilidade da utilização do método de seccionamento de rizomas principais para a produção de taioba. A produção de mudas de taioba pode ser feita pelo método de seccionamento de rizoma principal, em duas, quatro, ou em até oito partes, com a utilização da porção apical do rizoma.Palavras-chave adicionais: clone; horticultura tropical; porção apical; propagação; Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott. AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the type of rhizome and the ways of the sectioning of the main rhizome on the production of seedlings. The experiment was carried out in Cáceres, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, from October of 2006 to March of 2007. The experiment was set according to a randomized complete block design with seven treatments (only rhizome types ) and four repetitions : small secondary sprouting (BSP), medium secondary sprouting (BSM), main rhizome divided in two parts (RP1/2), apical main rhizome divided in four (RPA1/4) and eight parts (RPA1/8), and basal main rhizome divided in four (RPB1/4) and eight (RPB1/8) parts. The propagules were sown in a partially shaded (50%) sandy substratum and the resulting plantlets were later transplanted to the field so as to measure their vegetative growth. The best results as to sprouting, fresh and dry leaf and root weight, and petiole length were observed for treatments RPA1/2, RPA1/4, and RPA1/8. The apical portion tissues favored the development of adventitial structures in the propagules thus stimulating the increment of leaf area and petiole length. The sectioning of the main rhizome in two, four, or even eight parts was thus verified to be an economically viable technique for the production of tannia seedlings.