Fog computing, as a new paradigm, has many characteristics that are different from cloud computing. Due to the resources being limited, fog nodes/MEC hosts are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Lightweight intrusion detection system (IDS) is a key technique to solve the problem. Because extreme learning machine (ELM) has the characteristics of fast training speed and good generalization ability, we present a new lightweight IDS called sample selected extreme learning machine (SS-ELM). The reason why we propose "sample selected extreme learning machine" is that fog nodes/MEC hosts do not have the ability to store extremely large amounts of training data sets. Accordingly, they are stored, computed, and sampled by the cloud servers. Then, the selected sample is given to the fog nodes/MEC hosts for training. This design can bring down the training time and increase the detection accuracy. Experimental simulation verifies that SS-ELM performs well in intrusion detection in terms of accuracy, training time, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) value.

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Edge computing has recently emerged as an important paradigm to bring filtering, processing, and caching resources to the edge of networks. However, with the increasing popularity of augmented reality and virtual reality application, user requirements on data access speed have increased. Since the edge node has limited cache space, efficient data caching model is needed to improve the performance of edge computing. We propose a multi-objective optimization data caching model in the edge computing environment using data access counts, data access frequency, and data size as optimization goals. Our model differs from previous data caching schemes that focused only on data access counts or data size. In addition, a cyclic genetic ant algorithm is proposed to solve the multi-objective optimization data caching model. We compare the following three performance indicators: cache hit ratio, average response speed, and bandwidth cost. Simulation results show that the model can improve the cache hit ratio and reduce the response latency and the bandwidth cost.

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With the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world, the estimation of the incubation period of COVID-19 has become a hot issue. Based on the doubly interval-censored data model, we assume that the incubation period follows lognormal and Gamma distribution, and estimate the parameters of the incubation period of COVID-19 by adopting the maximum likelihood estimation, expectation maximization algorithm and a newly proposed algorithm (expectation mostly conditional maximization algorithm, referred as ECIMM). The main innovation of this paper lies in two aspects: Firstly, we regard the sample data of the incubation period as the doubly interval-censored data without unnecessary data simplification to improve the accuracy and credibility of the results; secondly, our new ECIMM algorithm enjoys better convergence and universality compared with others. With the framework of this paper, we conclude that 14-day quarantine period can largely interrupt the transmission of COVID-19, however, people who need specially monitoring should be isolated for about 20 days for the sake of safety. The results provide some suggestions for the prevention and control of COVID-19. The newly proposed ECIMM algorithm can also be used to deal with the doubly interval-censored data model appearing in various fields.

The birth of fog computing has given rise to many security threats. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks by intruders on fog nodes will cause system resources to be illegally appropriate. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a powerful technology that can be used to resist DDoS attacks. In our previous research, we have proposed a fog computing intrusion detection system (FC-IDS) framework. In this paper, we mainly analyze and model the DDoS attacks under the framework of FC-IDS. We propose a hypergraph clustering model based on Apriori algorithm. This model can effectively describe the association between fog nodes which are suffering from the threat of DDoS. Through simulation, we verify that the resource utilization rate of the system can be effectively promoted through the DDoS association analysis.

This paper studies intrusion detection for fog computing in fog radio access networks (F-RANs). As fog nodes are resource constrained, a traditional intrusion detection system (IDS) cannot be directly deployed in F-RANs due to the communication overhead and computational complexity. To address this challenge, we propose a skyline query-based scheme that can analyze the IDS log statistics of fog nodes and provide a complete data processing flow. Specifically, a three-step solution is proposed. First, a lightweight fog node filtering strategy is proposed to filter the raw data, which can reduce the fog-cloud communication overhead. Second, a sliding-window-based mechanism is developed in the cloud server to efficiently process the asynchronous data flow. Then, using the pre-processed data, a set of seriously attacked nodes will be identified by the skyline query. Third, the security threat level of each individual fog node is calculated using the unascertained measure, which can determine the degree of security threat. The numerical simulations show that the proposed scheme can significantly reduce communication overhead and computational complexity.