Programmed mRNA localization to specific subcellular compartments for localized translation is a fundamental mechanism of post-transcriptional regulation that affects many, and possibly all, mRNAs in eukaryotes. We describe her e a systematic approach to identify the RNA cargoes associated with the cytoskeletal motor proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in combination with live-cell 3D super-localization microscopy of endogenously tagged mRNAs. Our analysis identified widespread association of mRNAs with cytoskeletal motor proteins, including association of Myo3 with mRNAs encoding key regulators of actin branching and endocytosis such as WASP and WIP. Using conventional fluorescence microscopy and expression of MS2-tagged mRNAs from endogenous loci, we observed a strong bias for actin patch nucleator mRNAs to localize to the cell cortex and the actin patch in a Myo3- and F-actin dependent manner. Use of a double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF) microscope allowed super-localization measurements of single mRNPs at a spatial precision of 25 nm in x and y and 50 nm in z in live cells with 50 ms exposure times, allowing quantitative profiling of mRNP dynamics. The actin patch mRNA exhibited distinct and characteristic diffusion coefficients when compared to a control mRNA. In addition, disruption of F-actin significantly expanded the 3D confinement radius of an actin patch nucleator mRNA, providing a quantitative assessment of the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton to mRNP dynamic localization. Our results provide evidence for specific association of mRNAs with cytoskeletal motor proteins in yeast, suggest that different mRNPs have distinct and characteristic dynamics, and lend insight into the mechanism of actin patch nucleator mRNA localization to actin patches.

Turnout measurement procedures, results, and reporting formats vary in dance medicine and science research, making comparisons difficult. It is agreed that turnout results from summative contributions of the hip, knee, lower-leg, and the foot-ankle complex. However, the most frequently reported measurement is hip external rotation, and even this is measured in incompatible ways. No normative data exist for component and summative measures or for different categories of dancers, making screening, clinical assessment, and research problematic. Thus, there is a need to standardize component measurements, develop an inclusive measurement procedure for total turnout, and establish normative data for each measurement and for different categories of dancers. This review evaluates the 24 published articles that have reported original data for turnout assessment in dancers. Results are summarized and displayed for each article. In conclusion, recommendations are made for: use of selected hip external range of motion and tibial version measurements as the most important components of turnout; a procedure for assessing total turnout; adoption of conventions for reporting data in compatible forms; and the development of normative data sets for different categories of dancers.