Biomolecules of live plants, plant extracts and microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, seaweeds, actinomycetes, algae and microalgae can be used to reduce metal ions to nanoparticles. Biosynthesized nanoparticle effectively controlled oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis related changes. Green biosynthesized NPs is alternative methods, which is hydrophilic, biocompatible, non-toxic, and used for coating many metal NPs with interesting morphologies and varied sizes. The reducing agents involved include various water-soluble plant metabolites (e.g. alkaloids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and other nutritional compounds) and co-enzymes. The polysaccharides, proteins and lipids present in the algal membranes act as capping agents and thus limit using of non-biodegradable commercial surfactants. Metallic NPs viz. cobalt, copper, silver, gold, platinum, zirconium, palladium, iron, cadmium and metal oxides such as titanium oxide, zinc oxide, magnetite, etc. have been the particular focus of biosynthesis. Bio-reduction mechanisms, characterization, commercial, pharmacological and biomedical applications of biosynthesized nanoparticles are reviewed.Madkour LH (2018) Ecofriendly green biosynthesized of metallic nanoparticles: Bio-reduction mechanism, characterization and pharmaceutical applications in biotechnology industry

The stability and dispersity of AuNMs in solution play a key role for the many applications. Most inorganic nanomaterials are not well dispersed in physiological buffers and require function-alization by thiols or surfactants to offer the stabilization forces. Furthermore, sufficient blood circulation time is critical for both imaging and in vivo drug delivery. Localized surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) is one of the most significant features of AuNMs. The AuNMs as reporters have been broadly applied into lateral flow immunechromatographicalassay (LFICA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is a well-established technology for analysis of the target analytes in food safety, clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and medical science and so on. Au based nanomaterials (AuNMs) are known to possess many attractive features such as unique electrical, optical and catalytic properties as well as excellent biocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the current advancement on application of AuNMs in analytical sciences based on their local surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence and electrochemistry properties. AuNMs based imaging and therapy in biomolecules is explained. As one of the most reliable imaging modes, computed tomography (CT), X-ray and SERS imaging has been widely used owing to its high spatial and density resolution. We end the review by a discussion of the conjugation between gold nanoparticles with other kinds of nanoparticles such as other metals and carbon nano structures. Finally, future development in this research area is also prospected.

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Recent progress in RNA biology has broadened the scope of therapeutic targets of RNA drugs for cancer therapy. However, RNA drugs, typically small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), are rapidly degraded by RNases and filtrated in the kidney, thereby requiring a delivery vehicle for efficient transport to the target cells. To date, various delivery formulations have been developed from cationic lipids, polymers, and/or inorganic nanoparticles for systemic delivery of siRNA to solid tumors. This research article describes the current status of clinical trials related to siRNA-based cancer therapy, as well as the remaining issues that need to be overcome to establish a successful therapy. It, then introduces various promising design strategies of delivery vehicles for stable and targeted siRNA delivery, including the prospects for future design. The current major strategies to design delivery vehicles for systemic siRNA delivery involve the construction of multimolecular assemblies from more than dozens of monomer components, including siRNA. The success of RNAi-based cancer therapy is closely associated with tumor biology as well as architecture of delivery vehicles. Tumor cell plasticity evokes a resistance mechanism against clinical treatments, and cancer stem cells are gradually being identified as the root of cancer recurrence. New target RNA genes should be discovered to increase apoptosis in cancer cells and simultaneously reduce side effects in normal and healthy cells. Multidisciplinary research studies will guide the development of highly effective and safer RNAi-based drugs in clinical trials.