Applications of gold nanoparticles in medicine and therapy

Abstract

The stability and dispersity of AuNMs in solution play a key role for the many applications. Most inorganic nanomaterials are not well dispersed in physiological buffers and require function-alization by thiols or surfactants to offer the stabilization forces. Furthermore, sufficient blood circulation time is critical for both imaging and in vivo drug delivery. Localized surface Plasmon resonance (LSPR) is one of the most significant features of AuNMs. The AuNMs as reporters have been broadly applied into lateral flow immunechromatographicalassay (LFICA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which is a well-established technology for analysis of the target analytes in food safety, clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and medical science and so on. Au based nanomaterials (AuNMs) are known to possess many attractive features such as unique electrical, optical and catalytic properties as well as excellent biocompatibility. In this review, we summarize the current advancement on application of AuNMs in analytical sciences based on their local surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence and electrochemistry properties. AuNMs based imaging and therapy in biomolecules is explained. As one of the most reliable imaging modes, computed tomography (CT), X-ray and SERS imaging has been widely used owing to its high spatial and density resolution. We end the review by a discussion of the conjugation between gold nanoparticles with other kinds of nanoparticles such as other metals and carbon nano structures. Finally, future development in this research area is also prospected.

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“…28 Although this preparation method simply involves controlling the ratios of citrate to Au ions, 29 the reaction often needs to be carried out on a relatively large scale at the temperature of boiling water and lacks the reproducible preparation of uniform AuNPs with rather large sizes. After the breakthroughs reported by Schmid 30,31 and Brust et al 32 , a variety of methods have been developed to synthesize AuNMs, and many excellent reviews 33 are available now. In general, the reported synthesis methods of spherical AuNMs can be categorized as followed: f. Physical methods.…”

“…The utilization of SERS-based techniques in targeting specific DNA and RNA sequences is generally realized by combination with AuNMs and Raman-active molecules. 70,71 Wang et al 72 raised a concept to use enzyme controlled plasmonic coupling as SERS nanosensors for DNA demethylation. 72 The nanosensors were constructed by decorating AuNPs with Raman reporters and hemimethylated DNA probes.…”

“…Accordingly, hybrid nanomaterial sensors based on AuNPs distributing on the surface of graphene oxide (GO) or reduce GO (rGO) also attract much scientific interest. 106,107 The most frequently used technique refers to reaction of AuCl 3 with GO under reductive condition for in situ anchoring AuNPs to GO or rGO. This method, however, often lacks fine control over the size, uniformity and density of AuNPs on the GO sheets in the reaction process.…”

“…omnipaque) that have severe drawbacks such as renal toxicity at a high concentration, short imaging time and non-specificity. 139 For improved CT imaging, some inorganic NPs such as AuNPs 140,141 have been used as contrast agents because of their higher X-ray attenuation coefficients than those of iodine-based small molecular agents. AuNPs radio sensitization represents a novel technique in enhancement of ionizing radiation dose and its effect on biological systems.…”

Effect of pH and Irradiation Power in the Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by using Binahong (Anredera cordifolia) Leaves Extract

“…Most of studies about synthesis using natural resources (extracts from plants) had been focused on the synthesis of spherical particles. However, various biomedical applications, including bioimaging, sensitive detection for disease marker, photothermal/photodynamic therapy of pathogenic microorganisms or cancer cells, need special optical properties of Au nanoparticles, which can be fulfilled by anisotropic (nonspherical) nanoparticles 24,25 . Thus, this research opened a new potential route for obtaining this kind of particles.…”