A review of indigenous Mexican plants with edible stems and leaves and their nutritional and nutraceutical potential was conducted, complemented by the authors’ experiences. In Mexico, more than 250 species with edible stems, leaves, vines and flowers, known as “quelites,” are collected or are cultivated and consumed. The assessment of the quelite composition depends on the chemical characteristics of the compounds being evaluated; the protein quality is a direct function of the amino acid content, which is evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the contribution of minerals is evaluated by atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or ICP mass spectrometry. The total contents of phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, saponins and other general compounds have been analyzed using UV-vis spectrophotometry and by HPLC. For the determination of specific compounds such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, organic acids and other profiles, it is recommended to use HPLC-DAD, UHPLC-DAD, UFLC-PDA or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The current biochemical analysis and biological evaluations were performed to understand the mechanisms of action that lead to decreased glucose levels and lipid peroxidation, increased hypoglycemic and antitumor activity, immune system improvement, increased antibacterial and antifungal activity and, in some cases, anti-Helicobacter pylori activity.
<p>En este trabajo, se describió y clasificó la agrobiodiversidad del sistema milpa en la región tropical de San Felipe Usila, Oaxaca, México, a partir de la percepción de agricultores sobre la diversidad fenotípica y usos de la variabilidad intraespecífica y biodiversidad recolectada a nivel de parcela. Bajo un enfoque de agroecosistemas, se obtuvo información de tres sistemas de producción, denominados: laderas pedregosas (> 18° de pendiente), lomeríos irregulares y pedregosos con pendientes entre 6 y 18°, y terrenos planos (< 6°) de zonas ribereñas. Así, con el objetivo de registrar la percepción de diversidad y usos de la agrobiodiversidad, se aplicaron entrevistas a 200 agricultores de once comunidades indígenas Chinantecas de San Felipe Usila, mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado. En el análisis de ji-cuadrada, se determinaron relaciones significativas (P < 0.05) entre agroecosistemas y variantes fenotípicas de frijol y maíz, cultivos intercalados, regímenes de humedad para la siembra, superficie sembrada y fechas de siembra, de floración y cosecha de maíz. En el análisis de correspondencia múltiple, se distinguen patrones de diversidad, uso y manejo en relación a regiones geográfico-culturales de localización de los agroecosistemas y parcelas. En las parcelas de producción se siembran, cultivan y recolectan hasta 26 especies, las principales son: maíz (cinco variantes fenotípicas), frijol (21 variedades y poblaciones nativas), calabaza (cuatro variantes) y yuca (tres variantes). También fue notorio el alto uso de pesticidas y fertilizantes químicos, hasta 22 productos diferentes.</p>
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