Manejo y aprovechamiento de la agrobiodiversidad en el sistema milpa del sureste de México

Abstract

<p>En este trabajo, se describió y clasificó la agrobiodiversidad del sistema milpa en la región tropical de San Felipe Usila, Oaxaca, México, a partir de la percepción de agricultores sobre la diversidad fenotípica y usos de la variabilidad intraespecífica y biodiversidad recolectada a nivel de parcela. Bajo un enfoque de agroecosistemas, se obtuvo información de tres sistemas de producción, denominados: laderas pedregosas (> 18° de pendiente), lomeríos irregulares y pedregosos con pendientes entre 6 y 18°, y terrenos planos (< 6°) de zonas ribereñas. Así, con el objetivo de registrar la percepción de diversidad y usos de la agrobiodiversidad, se aplicaron entrevistas a 200 agricultores de once comunidades indígenas Chinantecas de San Felipe Usila, mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado. En el análisis de ji-cuadrada, se determinaron relaciones significativas (P < 0.05) entre agroecosistemas y variantes fenotípicas de frijol y maíz, cultivos intercalados, regímenes de humedad para la siembra, superficie sembrada y fechas de siembra, de floración y cosecha de maíz. En el análisis de correspondencia múltiple, se distinguen patrones de diversidad, uso y manejo en relación a regiones geográfico-culturales de localización de los agroecosistemas y parcelas. En las parcelas de producción se siembran, cultivan y recolectan hasta 26 especies, las principales son: maíz (cinco variantes fenotípicas), frijol (21 variedades y poblaciones nativas), calabaza (cuatro variantes) y yuca (tres variantes). También fue notorio el alto uso de pesticidas y fertilizantes químicos, hasta 22 productos diferentes.</p>

Agroforestry systems of a Zapotec community in the Northern Sierra of Oaxaca, Mexico

“…For example, squash is called yutu, but there are specific names that describe particular physical characteristics: yutu uech means thin squash and is also known as 'chilacayota' (Cucurbita ficifolia); yutu chuga means squash with solid-looking skin (Cucurbita maxima); yutu bela describes fleshy squash whose skin is thin (Cucurbita pepo); and yutu nicachi alludes to the long form of squash (Cucurbita argyrosperma). This classification is similar to that reported in the chinantec milpa of Oaxaca, where the determinant characteristics of four variants of squash were hardness of the skin and shape of the fruit (Mateos-Maces et al 2016).…”

“…The 12 plant species that are present in the three agroforestry systems were mostly herbaceous, and the presence of those used as food, such as maize, beans and chili, is noteworthy. This not only demonstrates that these species are key components of agrobiodiversity in this community but also reflects their importance in the diet of Mexicans (Mateos-Maces et al 2016, Salazar et al 2016.…”

“…Particularly for milpa, the peasants of Las Delicias classify the land according to altitude and climate, in which the 'tierra fría' (cold land) is found at higher elevations with pine, oak and cloud forest and the 'tierra caliente' (hot land) is found at lower elevations. This classification is also used in other communities, such as the Zapotec and Chinantec in Oaxaca and Purépecha from Michoacan, whose classification of the territory is related to the productive cycle and soil quality (Mateos-Maces et al 2016, Pérez-García & Del Castillo 2016, Pulido & Bocco 2016. As well as that of the ekuaro system in the same region (Franco-Gaona et al 2016).…”

“…Unlike home gardens, coffee plantations conserve a considerable number of wild species, which demonstrates the importance of this agroforestry system in the conservation and use of native biodiversity (Valencia et al 2014). For milpa, the number of species (41) was also high compared to a Chinantec village in the state of Oaxaca, where 26 species were recorded (Mateos-Maces et al 2016).…”

More than Maize, Bananas, and Coffee: The Inter– and Intraspecific Diversity of Edible Plants of the Huastec Mayan Landscape Mosaics in Mexico1

“…As do other indigenous peoples, the Tének in the Huasteca Potosina manage different land-use systems that form the agroecosystem complex (Toledo et al 2003), all of which show high diversity. The number of 191 FVar+FSpe for the local milpas, as already shown by Heindorf et al (2019), clearly exceeds the number of edible milpa plants registered by other authors (e.g., Lara Ponce et al 2012;Mateos-Maces et al 2016). This was also the case for the richness of FVar+FSpe at farmers' level and locality level.…”