Proposta de gestão integrada das águas urbanas como estratégia de promoção da segurança hídrica: o caso de Fortaleza Proposal of integrated urban waters management as a strategy to promote water security: the Fortaleza case ABSTRACT The study proposes the use of integrated urban water-management models as a strategy to promote water security and drought preparedness. It was developed in two stages: assessment of water system's vulnerability; proposition of the integrated urban water management model. In the first step, a flow network model was used to simulate the water system. In the second stage, the inductive method was applied after conducting an exploratory research. The assessment of the water vulnerabilities revealed a deficit in Fortaleza's water supply in 2.56% of the simulated period and the complete emptying of Castanhão's reservoir in 6.52% of the months. The integrated urban water management model is based on the management of water supply and water demand. In the first case, it is proposed that Fortaleza's supply system be constituted by conventional water sources (surface waters) and by alternative sources (groundwater, rainwater, desalination of sea water). For the management of demand, it is pointed out the use of water saving plumbing fixtures and financial mechanisms. This model presents a more robust matrix of water supply sources, which increases the water security of urban centers.

This study aimed to understand the perception of drought among farmers, in order to support decision-making in the water allocation process. This study was carried out in the Tabuleiro de Russas irrigated perimeter, in northeast Brazil, over the drought period of 2012–2018. Two analyses were conducted: (i) drought characterization, using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) based on drought duration and frequency criteria; and (ii) analysis of farmers’ perceptions of drought via selection of explanatory variables using the Random Forest (RF) and the Decision Tree (DT) methods. The 2012–2018 drought period was defined as a meteorological phenomenon by local farmers; however, an SPI evaluation indicated that the drought was of a hydrological nature. According to the RF analysis, four of the nine study variables were more statistically important than the others in influencing farmers’ perception of drought: number of cultivated land plots, farmer’s age, years of experience in the agriculture sector, and education level. These results were confirmed using DT analysis. Understanding the relationship between these variables and farmers’ perception of drought could aid in the development of an adaptation strategy to water deficit scenarios. Farmers’ perception can be beneficial in reducing conflicts, adopting proactive management practices, and developing a holistic and efficient early warning drought system.

RESUMO Foi estudada a viabilidade técnica da utilização de resíduos de granito como matéria prima na fabricação de corpos de prova cerâmicos, com adições dos Produtos da Combustão do Carvão Mineral (PCC’s) como fase reforço. Os materiais utilizados foram granito Asa Branca (RGAB) e os Produtos da Combustão do Carvão mineral (PCC´s), nas concentrações de 0%p, 5%p, 10%p, 15%p, 20%p, 25%p e 30%p de PCC´s. Para a caracterização das matérias primas e das amostras foram utilizadas as técnicas de: Difração de Raios-X, Fluorescência de Raios-X, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Para a determinação das propriedades mecânicas foram realizados os ensaios de Microdureza Vickers e Resistência à compressão diametral. Foram feitos ensaios de Microscopia óptica e EDS a fim de verificar entre as composições químicas da superfície e do interior das amostras. Foi feito análise estatística dos resultados (análise de variância – ANOVA), através do teste de Tukey, que teve como objetivo comparar se as médias aritméticas obtidas nos testes mecânicos eram estatisticamente significantes. Foi atribuído o número 1, para os pares em que as médias eram estatisticamente diferentes, e o número 0, para parem em que não houve diferença estatística entre as médias. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso do rejeito do Granito Asa Branca com a adição de PCC´s para a fabricação de revestimento cerâmico é viável.