Standard area diagrams (SADs) are plant disease severity assessment aids demonstrated to improve the accuracy and reliability of visual estimates of severity. Knowledge of the sources of variation, including those specific to a lab such as raters, specific procedures followed including instruction, image analysis software, image viewing time, etc., that affect the outcome of development and validation of SADs can help improve standard operating practice of these assessment aids. As reproducibility has not previously been explored in development of SADs, we aimed to explore the overarching question of whether the lab in which the measurement and validation of a SAD was performed affected the outcome of the process. Two different labs (Lab 1 and Lab 2) measured severity on the individual diagrams in a SAD and validated them independently for severity of gray mold (caused by Botrytis cinerea) on Gerbera daisy. Severity measurements of the 30 test images were performed independently at the two labs as well. A different group of 18 raters at each lab assessed the test images first without, and secondly with SADs under independent instruction at both Lab 1 and 2. Results showed that actual severity on the SADs as measured at each lab varied by up to 5.18%. Furthermore, measurement of the test image actual values varied from 0 to up to 24.29%, depending on image. Whereas at Lab 1 an equivalence test indicated no significant improvement in any measure of agreement with use of the SADs, at Lab 2, scale shift, generalized bias, and agreement were significantly improved with use of the SADs (P ≤ 0.05). An analysis of variance indicated differences existed between labs, use of the SADs aid, and the interaction, depending on the agreement statistic. Based on an equivalence test, the interrater reliability was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved at both Lab 1 and Lab 2 as a result of using SADs as an aid to severity estimation. Gain in measures of agreement and reliability tended to be greatest for the least able raters at both Lab 1 and Lab 2. Absolute error was reduced at both labs when raters used SADs. The results confirm that SADs are a useful tool, but the results demonstrated that aspects of the development and validation process in different labs may affect the outcome.
Despite the great diversity of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) with potential to partially replace the use of N fertilisers in agriculture, few PGPB have been explored for the production of commercial inoculants, reinforcing the importance of identifying positive plant-bacteria interactions. Aiming to better understand the influence of PGPB inoculation in plant development, two PGPB species with distant phylogenetic relationship were inoculated in maize. Maize seeds were inoculated with Bacillus sp. or Azospirillum brasilense. After germination, the plants were subjected to two N treatments: full (N+) and limiting (N-) N supply. Then, anatomical, biometric and physiological analyses were performed. Both PGPB species modified the anatomical pattern of roots, as verified by the higher metaxylem vessel element (MVE) number. Bacillus sp. also increased the MVE area in maize roots. Under N+ conditions, both PGPB decreased leaf protein content and led to development of shorter roots; however, Bacillus sp. increased root and shoot dry weight, whereas A. brasilense increased photosynthesis rate and leaf nitrate content. In plants subjected to N limitation (N-), photosynthesis rate and photosystem II efficiency increased in maize inoculated with Bacillus sp., whilst A. brasilense contained higher ammonium, amino acids and total soluble sugars in leaves, compared to the control. Plant developmental and metabolical patterns were switched by the inoculation, regardless of the inoculant bacterium used, producing similar as well as distinct modifications to the parameters studied. These results indicate that even non-diazotrophic inoculant strains can improve the plant N status as result of the morpho-anatomical and physiological modifications produced by the PGPB.
RESUMO A podridão de fusarium da espiga, causada pelo fungo Fusarium verticillioides, é uma das principais doenças do milho pipoca (Zea mays) no Brasil e, além da redução da produtividade, a ação do patógeno também resulta na contaminação dos grãos por micotoxinas do grupo das fumonisinas. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a resistência de genótipos de pipoca em relação a podridão de fusarium na espiga e ao acúmulo de fumonisinas nos grãos. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo com delineamento em blocos casualizados. A inoculação do patógeno da espiga foi artificial. Dentre os 22 genótipos avaliados, que incluíram 16 linhagens progenitoras e 6 variedades, verificaram-se diferenças significativas (p = 0,05) em relação aos níveis de podridão de fusarium e à acumulação de fumonisinas B1, B2 e B3 nos grãos. A correlação de Spearman entre essas variáveis foi positiva, mas os coeficientes de correlação foram baixos (r = 0,53; p < 0,0002), mostrando que para este grupo de genótipos a quantificação da podridão de fusarium na espiga tem pouco valor preditivo em relação ao teor de fumonisinas nos grãos. Acredita-se que estas informações são úteis para programas de melhoramento de milho pipoca no Brasil.
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