Whiteness arises from diffuse and broadband reflection of light typically achieved through optical scattering in randomly structured media. In contrast to structural colour due to coherent scattering, white appearance generally requires a relatively thick system comprising randomly positioned high refractive-index scattering centres. Here, we show that the exceptionally bright white appearance of Cyphochilus and Lepidiota stigma beetles arises from a remarkably optimised anisotropy of intra-scale chitin networks, which act as a dense scattering media. Using time-resolved measurements, we show that light propagating in the scales of the beetles undergoes pronounced multiple scattering that is associated with the lowest transport mean free path reported to date for low-refractive-index systems. Our light transport investigation unveil high level of optimisation that achieves high-brightness white in a thin low-mass-per-unit-area anisotropic disordered nanostructure.

The extremely brilliant whiteness shown by the Cyphochilus beetle is generated by multiple scattering of light inside the ultrathin scales that cover its body, whose interior is characterized by an anisotropic nanostructured network of chitin filaments. It is demonstrated that the structural anisotropy of the network is crucial in order to achieve high broadband reflectance from such a thin, low‐refractive‐index system.

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freedom to tune light transport properties in these media. Indeed, shapes such as prolate ellipsoids or cylinders can be packed up to higher densities delaying the onset of spatial correlations at the cost of increased angular correlations. [10][11][12] Interestingly, both these aspects-namely, the high density and prevalent orientation exhibited by packed rods-can contribute to increase the overall turbidity, which makes cylinders particularly suited to realize highly turbid materials with a flat response over a broadband wavelength range. [13] Indeed, the smallest possible transport mean free path for a given refractive index contrast reported so far in the visible range has been obtained with GaP nanocylinders [14] and, for lower refractive index materials, claims of optimized scattering exist for the chitinous network structure of the Cyphochilus beetles. [5,13] In recent years, the latter has inspired an array of bio-mimicking materials attempting to reproduce its outstanding efficiency in terms of strong light scattering and limited material usage, taking advantage of a wide range of fabrication techniques including electro-spinning, super critical CO 2 foaming, polymer phase separation, and direct laser writing, [6,7,9,[15][16][17] to name a few.However, as opposed to nanoparticle systems, network materials are characterized by several additional aspects other than number density and spatial correlations, which makes it difficult to understand what key parameters should be optimized to design highly scattering network structures.Few notable examples include phase percolation, angular correlation, and network valence, all of which concur in determining their scattering properties. [13,[18][19][20] In this respect, simple generative models for photonic structures allowing to investigate the effects of these parameters separately are much needed to gain insight on their role and relevance.In this work, we describe a simple branching random walk (BRW) algorithm to generate random network structures inspired by that of the Cyphochilus beetle. Notably, the model allows to control and vary independently the volume fraction and degree of angular correlations without altering structural parameters such as the slab thickness, the shape, and aspect ratio of the constituent elements. The optical and transport properties of the generated structures have been investigated through finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculations and an inverse Monte Carlo (MC) approach, showing that the bright reflectance of the Cyphochilus beetle can be easily matched and surpassed by acting solely on the degree of anisotropy and the volume fraction of the network. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first rigorous demonstration of the key role played by structural anisotropy in highly reflective disordered samples.3D disordered networks are receiving increasing attention as they represent a versatile architecture for highly scattering materials. However, due to their complex morphology, little is known about the interplay betwee...

Abstract:We present the recipe and characterization for preparing liquid phantoms that are suitable for both near-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy. The phantoms have well-defined and tunable optical and dynamic properties, and consist of a solution of water and glycerol with fat emulsion as the scattering element. The recipe takes into account the effect of bulk refractive index changes due to the addition of glycerol, which is commonly used to alter the sample viscosity. M. Carrol, F. J. Combs, T. Strömberg, A.G. Yodth, and B. Tromberg, "Mapping breast cancer blood flow index, composition, and metabolism in a human subject using combined diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging and diffuse correlation spectroscopy," J. Biomed. Opt. 22(4), 045003 (2017) 21.

Background COVID-19 is primarily a respiratory disease; however, there is also evidence that it causes endothelial damage in the microvasculature of several organs. The aim of the present study is to characterize in vivo the microvascular reactivity in peripheral skeletal muscle of severe COVID-19 patients. Methods This is a prospective observational study carried out in Spain, Mexico and Brazil. Healthy subjects and severe COVID-19 patients admitted to the intermediate respiratory (IRCU) and intensive care units (ICU) due to hypoxemia were studied. Local tissue/blood oxygen saturation (StO2) and local hemoglobin concentration (THC) were non-invasively measured on the forearm by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). A vascular occlusion test (VOT), a three-minute induced ischemia, was performed in order to obtain dynamic StO2 parameters: deoxygenation rate (DeO2), reoxygenation rate (ReO2), and hyperemic response (HAUC). In COVID-19 patients, the severity of ARDS was evaluated by the ratio between peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) (SF ratio). Results Healthy controls (32) and COVID-19 patients (73) were studied. Baseline StO2 and THC did not differ between the two groups. Dynamic VOT-derived parameters were significantly impaired in COVID-19 patients showing lower metabolic rate (DeO2) and diminished endothelial reactivity. At enrollment, most COVID-19 patients were receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) (53%) or high-flow nasal cannula support (32%). Patients on MV were also receiving sedative agents (100%) and vasopressors (29%). Baseline StO2 and DeO2 negatively correlated with SF ratio, while ReO2 showed a positive correlation with SF ratio. There were significant differences in baseline StO2 and ReO2 among the different ARDS groups according to SF ratio, but not among different respiratory support therapies. Conclusion Patients with severe COVID-19 show systemic microcirculatory alterations suggestive of endothelial dysfunction, and these alterations are associated with the severity of ARDS. Further evaluation is needed to determine whether these observations have prognostic implications. These results represent interim findings of the ongoing HEMOCOVID-19 trial. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04689477. Retrospectively registered 30 December 2020.

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Despite the wide range of clinical and research applications, the reliability of the absolute oxygenation measurements of continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy sensors is often questioned, partially due to issues of standardization. In this study, we have compared the performances of 13 units of a continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy device (PortaMon, Artinis Medical Systems, NL) to test their suitability for being used in the HEMOCOVID-19 clinical trial in 10 medical centers around the world. Detailed phantom and in vivo tests were employed to measure the precision and reproducibility of measurements of local blood oxygen saturation and total hemoglobin concentration under different conditions: for different devices used, different operators, for probe repositioning over the same location, and over time (hours/days/months). We have detected systematic differences between devices when measuring phantoms (inter-device variability, <4%), which were larger than the intra-device variability (<1%). This intrinsic variability is in addition to the variability during in vivo measurements on the forearm muscle resulting from errors in probe positioning and intrinsic physiological noise (<9%), which was also larger than the inter-device differences (<3%) during the same test. Lastly, we have tested the reproducibility of the protocol of the HEMOCOVID-19 clinical trial; that is, forearm muscle oxygenation monitoring during vascular occlusion tests over days. Overall, our conclusion is that these devices can be used in multi-center trials but care must be taken to characterize, follow-up, and statistically account for inter-device variability.