Summary Information on the onset of the leaf senescence in temperate deciduous trees and comparisons on its assessment methods are limited, hampering our understanding of autumn dynamics.We compare five field proxies, five remote sensing proxies and two data analysis approaches to assess leaf senescence onset at one main beech stand, two stands of oak and birch and three ancillary stands of the same species in Belgium during 2017 and 2018.Across species and sites, onset of leaf senescence was not significantly different for the field proxies based on chlorophyll leaf content and canopy coloration, except for an advanced canopy coloration during the extremely dry and warm 2018. Two remote sensing indices provided results fully consistent with the field data. A significant lag emerged between leaf senescence onset and leaf fall, and when a threshold of 50% change in the seasonal variable under study (e.g. chlorophyll content) was used to derive the leaf senescence onset.Our results provide unprecedented information on the quality and applicability of different proxies to assess leaf senescence onset in temperate deciduous trees. In addition, a sound base is offered to select the most suited methods for the different disciplines that need this type of data.

Cessation of xylem formation or wood growth (CWG) and onset of foliar senescence (OFS) are key autumn phenological events in temperate deciduous trees. Their timing is fundamental for the development and survival of trees, ecosystem nutrient cycling and the seasonal exchange of matter and energy between the biosphere and atmosphere, and affects the impact and feedback of forests to global change. A large-scale experimental effort and improved observational methods have allowed us to compare the timing of CWG and OFS for different deciduous tree species in Western Europe, particularly in silver birch, a pioneer species, and European beech, a late-succession species, at stands of different latitudes, of different levels of site fertility, for 2 years with contrasting meteorological and drought conditions, i.e., the low moderately dry 2017 and the extremely dry 2018. Specifically, we tested whether foliar senescence started before, after or concurrently with CWG. Onset of foliar senescence and CWG occurred generally between late September and early November, with larger differences across species and sites for OFS. Foliar senescence started concurrently with CWG in most cases, except for the drier 2018 and, for beech, at the coldest site, where OFS occurred significantly later than CWG. The behavior of beech in Spain, the southern edge of its European distribution, was unclear, with no CWG, but very low wood growth at the time of OFS. Our study suggests that OFS is generally triggered by the same drivers of CWG or when wood growth decreases in late summer, indicating an overarching mechanism of sink limitation as a possible regulator of the timing of foliar senescence.

Highlights Budburst variability correlated to previous autumn phenology for oak and beech. Budburst variability correlated to tree characteristics for birch. 66% of the inter-individual variability of budburst explained.

We explored the timing of spring xylogenesis and its potential drivers in homogeneous mature forest stands in a temperate European region. Three species with contrasting leaf development dynamics and wood anatomy were studied: European beech, silver birch and pedunculate oak. Detailed phenological observations of xylogenesis and leaf phenology were performed from summer 2017 till spring 2018. Cambium reactivation (CR) occurred before the buds of oak and birch were swollen, whereas these two phenological phases were concurrent for beech. On the other hand, initial earlywood vessels were fully differentiated (FDIEV) after leaf unfolding for all three species. Timing of CR was correlated to average ring-width of the last 10 years (2017–2008), tree diameter, and, partially, with tree age. In addition, the timing of FDIEV was correlated to tree age and previous’ year autumn phenology i.e., timing of wood growth cessation and onset of leaf senescence. Multivariate models could explain up to 68% of the variability of CR and 55% of the variability of FDIEV. In addition to the “species” factor, the variability could be explained by ca. 30% by tree characteristics and previous’ years autumn phenology for both CR and FDIEV. These findings are important to better identify which factors (other than environment) can be driving the onset of the growing season and highlight the influence of tree growth characteristics and previous’ year phenology on spring wood phenology, wood formation and, potentially, forest production.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

No abstract

A corrigendum onFellfields of the Kerguelen Islands harbour specific soil microbiomes and rhizomicrobiomes of an endemic plant facing necrosis

The current state of knowledge on bud dormancy is limited. However, expanding such knowledge is crucial in order to properly model forest responses and feedback to future climate. Recent studies have shown that warming can decrease chilling accumulation and increase dormancy depth, thereby inducing delayed budburst in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L). Whether fall warming can advance spring phenology is unclear. To investigate the effect of warming on endodormancy of deciduous trees, we tested the impact of mild elevated temperature (+ 2.5–3.5 °C; temperature on average kept at 10 °C) in mid- and late autumn on bud dormancy depth and spring phenology of beech. We studied saplings by inducing periods of warming in greenhouses during two years. Even though warming reduced chilling in both years, we observed that the response of dormancy depth and spring budburst were year-specific. We found that warming during endodormancy peak could decrease bud dormancy depth and therefore advance spring budburst. This effect appears to be modulated by factors such as the date of senescence onset and forcing intensity during endodormancy. Results from this study suggest that not only chilling, but also forcing controls bud development during endodormancy, and that extra forcing in autumn can offset reduced chilling.