The lack of consensus regarding pollinator decline in various parts of the planet has generated intense debates in different spheres. Consequently, much research has attempted to identify the leading causes of this decline, and a multifactorial synergism (i.e., different stressors acting together and mutually potentiating the harmful effects) seems to be the emerging consensus explaining this phenomenon. The emphasis on some stressor groups such as agrochemicals, and pollinators such as the honey bee Apis mellifera, can hide the real risk of anthropogenic stressors on pollinating insects. In the present study, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify general and temporal trends in publications, considering the different groups of pollinators and their exposure to agrochemicals over the last 76 years. Through an artificial intelligence (AI)-aided meta-analysis, we quantitatively assessed trends in publications on bee groups and agrochemicals. Using AI tools through machine learning enabled efficient evaluation of a large volume of published articles. Toxicological assessment of the impact of agrochemicals on insect pollinators is dominated by the order Hymenoptera, which includes honey bees. Although honey bees are well-explored, there is a lack of published articles exploring the toxicological assessment of agrochemicals for bumble bees, solitary bees, and stingless bees. The data gathered provide insights into the current scenario of the risk of pollinator decline imposed by agrochemicals and serve to guide further research in this area.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://asreview.nl/.
The potential relevance of complete metamorphosis for the individual variation in sets of behavioral traits and their fitness consequences in predatory species led to the present study. A set of nine behavioral traits were assessed for the larvae and adults of a pyrethroid-resistant and a susceptible population of the lady beetle Eriopis connexa. The aim was to assess: 1) the average individual behavioral (pheno)types and their within-population variation, 2) their ontogenic behavioral consistency from larva to adult, and 3) whether the observed correlated sets of behavioral traits can impact fitness. The average behavioral type differed between populations. The pyrethroid-resistant population consistently exhibited lower aggressiveness (as larvae) and exploration, but showed higher activity, as well as larva sociality, and sometimes boldness than the susceptible population. Behavioral trait variation was higher among pyrethroid-resistant individuals, particularly during the larval stage, but there was significant behavior correlation between larvae and adults, regardless of the insect population. Reduced aggressiveness, and to a lesser extent intermediate levels of boldness against heterospecific individuals were associated with higher population growth. Besides shedding light on the ontogenic consistency of behavioral traits and their fitness impact, our results also suggest that reduced aggressiveness is associated with predator population increase, but may compromise its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent.
Evaluación nematicida del aceite esencial de Tagetes zypaquirensisen el manejo del nematodo Meloidogyne spp. RESUMENEl lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.) es un frutal andino de gran importancia económica en Colombia, sin embargo, las áreas sembradas y rendimientos han sufrido una evidente reducción debido al ataque de patógenos como el nematodo Meloidogyne spp., que ha ocasionado pérdidas de hasta 50%. En la naturaleza existen diferentes recursos vegetales con propiedades nematicidas, destacándose al género Tagetes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la actividad nematicida del aceite esencial de Tagetes zypaquirensis sobre Meloidogyne spp. Bajo condiciones de invernadero se evaluaron cuatro concentraciones del aceite esencial (100, 200, 400, 800mg/kg de suelo) las cuales fueron aplicadas a un suelo con juveniles de segundo estadio del nematodo +400 J2/100g. Además, se establecieron tres comparadores: un tratamiento sin aplicación de aceite esencial, un suelo sin nematodo y un suelo tratado con i.a carbofuran (33,2%) bajo una dosis de 2cc/L. Para cada tratamiento, las variables a evaluar fueron: severidad, altura de planta, peso fresco y seco al aire, peso fresco radical, número de huevos del nematodo/100g raíz y número de J2/100g de suelo. Los componentes mayoritarios del aceite esencial de T. zypaquirensis fueron dihidrotagetona y E-tagetona con una proporción relativa de 42,2 y 22,9%, respectivamente. Los resultados indicaron, que la concentración 800mg/kg de aceite ABSTRACTLulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.), an Andean fruit, is economically important in Colombia, however, cultivated areas as well as yields, have suffered a considerable reduction by the attack of pathogens such as the rootknot nematode Meloidogyne spp. with losses near to 50%. In nature, there are different plant with nematicides properties which could diminish the effects of this nematode, such as the Tagetes genre. The objective of this research was to evaluate the nematicidal activity of the essential oil from Tagetes szypaquirensis on Meloidogyne spp. Four concentrations of essential (100, 200, 400, 800mg/kg of soil) were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. These doses were applied to nematodes in the second instar approximately +400 J2/100g of soil. Moreover, three treatments were established: the first with no application of essential oil, the second without nematode, and the third with soil treated with carbofuran (33.2%) at dose of 2cc/L. For each treatment the variables evaluated were: level of severity, plant height, fresh and dry weight, fresh root weight, number of nematode eggs/100g roots and number of J2/100g of soil. The main components of the essential oil from T. zypaquirensis were dihydrotagetone and E-tagetone with a composition of 42.2% and 22.9% respectively. The results indicated that a concentration 800mg/kg of essential oil had the same nematicidal action than soil treated with carbofuran, same population constrains and phitometric variables. It was concluded that T. zypaquirensis essential oil can be an alternat...
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