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The aim of the study was to create a mathematical model useful for monitoring the release of bioactive aldehydes covalently bonded to the chitosan by reversible imine linkage, considered as a polymer–drug system. For this purpose, two hydrogels were prepared by the acid condensation reaction of chitosan with the antifungal 2-formyl-phenyl-boronic acid and their particularities; influencing the release of the antifungal aldehyde by shifting the imination equilibrium to the reagents was considered, i.e., the supramolecular nature of the hydrogels was highlighted by polarized light microscopy, while scanning electron microscopy showed their microporous morphology. Furthermore, the in vitro fungicidal activity was investigated on two fungal strains and the in vitro release curves of the antifungal aldehyde triggered by the pH stimulus were drawn. The theoretical model was developed starting from the hypothesis that the imine-chitosan system, both structurally and functionally, can be assimilated, from a mathematical point of view, with a multifractal object, and its dynamics were analyzed in the framework of the Scale Relativity Theory. Thus, through Riccati-type gauges, two synchronous dynamics, one in the scale space, associated with the fungicidal activity, and the other in the usual space, associated with the antifungal aldehyde release, become operational. Their synchronicity, reducible to the isomorphism of two SL(2R)-type groups, implies, by means of its joint invariant functions, bioactive aldehyde compound release dynamics in the form of “kink–antikink pairs” dynamics of a multifractal type. Finally, the theoretical model was validated through the experimental data.

Background and Objectives: The most utilized approach for the embolization of uterine arteries is the transfemoral path. However, the transradial approach (TRA) has been gaining popularity among cardiologic interventions in the last years but only few studies have shown its applicability in uterine myoma treatment. The objective of this paper is to assess the feasibility, safety and efficacy of TRA when compared with the transbrachial, transulnar or transfemoral approach (TFA) for uterine arteries embolization (UAE). Materials and methods: A systematic review of the literature that analyzes the TRA for UAE it was carried out, in order to assess its safety and effectiveness. It was systematically searched the literature (Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Embase) using the words “uterine artery embolization”/“uterine embolization” and “transradial”/“radial”. All the relevant papers published until March 2020 were retrieved and analyzed. Results: Ten studies were considered eligible for this topic. TRA is a comparable method with TFA for uterine artery embolization. Conclusions: These studies allowed us to conclude that TRA is as safe and efficient as TFA. Its advantages include few complications, shorter hospitalization period, and rapid mobilization but a steeper learning curve has the disadvantage of a longer learning curve compared to TFA. Yet, these findings are built on few reports and more research is needed.

Adnexal masses are common, yet challenging, in gynecological practice. Making the differential diagnosis between their benign and malignant condition is essential for optimal surgical management, but reliable pre-surgical differentiation is sometimes difficult using clinical features, ultrasound examination, or tumor markers alone. A possible way to improve the diagnosis is using artificial intelligence (AI) or logistic models developed based on compiling and processing clinical, ultrasound, and tumor marker data together. Ample research has already been conducted in this regard that medical practitioners could benefit from. In this systematic review, we present logistic models and methods using AI, chosen based on their demonstrated high performance in clinical practice. Although some external validation of these models has been performed, further prospective studies are needed in order to select the best model or to create a new, more efficient, one for the pre-surgical evaluation of ovarian masses.

Cervical cancer represents a major health problem among females due to its increased mortality rate. The conventional therapies are very aggressive and unsatisfactory when it comes to survival rate, especially in terminal stages, which requires the development of new treatment alternatives. With the use of nanotechnology, various chemotherapeutic drugs can be transported via nanocarriers directly to cervical cancerous cells, thus skipping the hepatic first-pass effect and decreasing the rate of chemotherapy side effects. This review comprises various drug delivery systems that were applied in cervical cancer, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, polymeric and dendrimeric nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, micellar nanocarriers, and protein and polysaccharide nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have a great therapeutic potential by increasing the pharmacological activity, drug solubility, and bioavailability. Through their mechanisms, they highly increase the toxicity in the targeted cervical tumor cells or tissues by linking to specific ligands. In addition, a nondifferentiable model is proposed through holographic implementation in the dynamics of drug delivery dynamics. As any hologram functions as a deep learning process, the artificial intelligence can be proposed as a new analyzing method in cervical cancer.

In this paper it is presented a comparative theoretical study - performed by finite element analysis (FEA), of the tension state that appears at the level of the spine, as well as in the areas adjacent to it, under the following conditions: a) the existence of a comminutive fracture at the level of the vertebra T11; b) of the external immobilization of the body through a Lombax orthesis (LO) or of the internal immobilization of the column by means of a spinal fixator (SF); c) of performing some basic flexion or extension movements. In this study, both flexural force and extension force varied on three levels. The results of the comparative theoretical study were supplemented with the clinical observations obtained from a number of 52 patients who had suffered comminutive fractures in the T11 vertebra and who were treated - by external immobilization, in the Lombax orthesis or were surgically treated - by applying a trapped spinal fixator on the T10-T12 vertebrae. The study had demonstrated that, by immobilizing the body in the Lombax orthesis, following the application of the flexion or extension movement, the mobility of the body is low, the bone fragments move less distances by about 12% against to their displacement under the condition of immobilizing the column by a spinal fixator. Although, in the latter case, the displacements of the bone fragments are greater, the elastic behaviour of the spinal fixator determines the returning of the fragments and of the spine to the initial position as well as the distance between the vertebrae. Clinical investigations on patients treated by external immobilization of the body in the Lombax orthesis show that the values of the local kyphosis angle (LKA) are about 30% lower than the values of the same parameter obtained under the surgical treatment.

The paper focuses on the development of a multifractal theoretical model for explaining drug release dynamics (drug release laws and drug release mechanisms of cellular and channel-type) through scale transitions in scale space correlated with experimental data. The mathematical model has been developed for a hydrogel system prepared from chitosan and an antimicrobial aldehyde via covalent imine bonds. The reversible nature of the imine linkage points for a progressive release of the antimicrobial aldehyde is controlled by the reaction equilibrium shifting to the reagents, which in turn is triggered by aldehyde consumption in the inhibition of the microbial growth. The development of the mathematical model considers the release dynamic of the aldehyde in the scale space. Because the release behavior is dictated by the intrinsic properties of the polymer–drug complex system, they were explained in scale space, showing that various drug release dynamics laws can be associated with scale transitions. Moreover, the functionality of a Schrödinger-type differential equation in the same scale space reveals drug release mechanisms of channels and cellular types. These mechanisms are conditioned by the intensity of the polymer–drug interactions. It was demonstrated that the proposed mathematical model confirmed a prolonged release of the aldehyde, respecting the trend established by in vitro release experiments. At the same time, the properties of the hydrogel recommend its application in patients with intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) complicated by chronic endometritis as an alternative to the traditional antibiotics or antifungals.

The rapid development achieved over the last decades in volume rendering of ultrasound data, known as three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound technique, leads to new opportunities for refining the diagnosis in many gynaecologic conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the advantages of 3D ultrasound over two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound in uterine pathology and to establish the optimal time point during the menstrual cycle to perform 3D ultrasound examination in order to achieve the maximum of useful information. A cross-sectional study on 200 patients who underwent gynaecologic 2D and 3D ultrasound examinations was performed. The addition of 3D examination to 2D ultrasound in uterine pathology provided the most useful information concerning: Congenital uterine anomalies, intrauterine devices (IUDs), adenomyosis, and submucous myomas. The findings showed that the 3D ultrasound scan is a useful tool in gynaecology, especially in cases with congenital uterine anomalies, myoma, and IUD. Although initially it was used for research purposes only, recent findings suggest its usefulness in routine ultrasound scan and the possibility of witnessing its introduction as a recommended examination procedure in the foreseeable future. Further research should be conducted in order to establish the sensitivity of 3D ultrasound in the detection of minor endometrial conditions, by correlating the imaging findings with the hysteroscopic results.