Update on the Use of Nanocarriers and Drug Delivery Systems and Future Directions in Cervical Cancer

Abstract

Cervical cancer represents a major health problem among females due to its increased mortality rate. The conventional therapies are very aggressive and unsatisfactory when it comes to survival rate, especially in terminal stages, which requires the development of new treatment alternatives. With the use of nanotechnology, various chemotherapeutic drugs can be transported via nanocarriers directly to cervical cancerous cells, thus skipping the hepatic first-pass effect and decreasing the rate of chemotherapy side effects. This review comprises various drug delivery systems that were applied in cervical cancer, such as lipid-based nanocarriers, polymeric and dendrimeric nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, micellar nanocarriers, and protein and polysaccharide nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have a great therapeutic potential by increasing the pharmacological activity, drug solubility, and bioavailability. Through their mechanisms, they highly increase the toxicity in the targeted cervical tumor cells or tissues by linking to specific ligands. In addition, a nondifferentiable model is proposed through holographic implementation in the dynamics of drug delivery dynamics. As any hologram functions as a deep learning process, the artificial intelligence can be proposed as a new analyzing method in cervical cancer.

A Holographic-Type Model in the Description of Polymer–Drug Delivery Processes

“…Since these curves display the self-similarity property (a single unit represents the entire system, and the whole reflects the part, miming holographic-type behaviors), we can state that, through holographic-type models, we can describe various drug release dynamics. Recent papers support our approach [ 82 , 83 , 84 ].…”

“…Now, for in the form (the Madelung substitution): where is the amplitude, and is the phase, the complex velocity field [ 31 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ] takes the explicit form: Relation (4) implies the real velocity fields: where is the differentiable velocity field, i.e., the velocity at differentiable resolution scale, and is the non-differentiable velocity field, i.e., the velocity at non-differentiable resolution scale.…”

“…The mathematical model that employs an overview of dynamics through continuous and non-differentiable curves can be found in the Scale Relativity Theory, either in the fractal dimension, , like in the monofractal model [ 84 ], or in various unchanged and arbitrary fractal dimensions, like in the multifractal model [ 85 , 86 , 87 ]. In either of these two models, we can distinguish two scenarios for describing dynamics: the multifractal Schrödinger scenario (based on Schrödinger equations at various scale resolutions) and the multifractal Madelung scenario (based on hydrodynamic-type equations at various scale resolutions).…”

Nanomaterials supported by polymers for tissue engineering applications: A review

“…After 21 days, the use of scaffold for diabetic ulcer demonstrated the potential for treatment ( Sanhueza et al., 2021 ). Metal-based nanoparticles have been widely used in biological applications ( Himiniuc et al., 2022 ). Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), an inorganic material, is essential for cell metabolism.…”

“…Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an inorganic nanoparticle type. It is frequently used in cosmetic applications due to its photocatalytic properties ( Himiniuc et al., 2022 ). The freeze-dry method was used to develop alginate hydrogel decorated ZnO in 2015.…”