A kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs) coordinate cAMP-mediated signaling by binding and localizing cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), using an amphipathic helical docking motif. Peptide disruptors of PKA localization that mimic this helix have been used successfully to assess the involvement of PKA in specific signaling pathways. However, these peptides were developed as disruptors for the type II regulatory subunit (RII) even though both RI and RII isoforms can bind to AKAPs and have discrete functions. To evaluate the effects of each localized isoform, we designed peptides that specifically bind to either RI or RII. Using a peptide array, we have defined the minimal binding sequence of dual specific-AKAP 2 (D-AKAP2), which binds tightly to both RI and RII. Side-chain requirements for affinity and isoform specificity were evaluated by using a peptide substitution array where each position along the A kinase binding domain of D-AKAP2 was substituted by the other 19 L-amino acids. This array comprises 513 single-site substitution analogs of the D-AKAP2 sequence. Peptides containing single and multiple mutations were evaluated in a quantitative fluorescence binding assay and a cell-based colocalization assay. This strategy has allowed us to design peptides with high affinity (KD ‫؍‬ 1-2 nM) and high specificity for RI␣ versus RII␣. These isoform-specific peptides will be invaluable tools to evaluate functional differences between localized RI and RII PKA and are RI␣-specific disruptors. This array-based analysis also provides a foundation for biophysical analysis of this docking motif.dual-specific A kinase-anchoring protein ͉ Ht31 ͉ peptide array

The focus of human genetics in recent years has shifted toward identifying genes that are involved in the development of common diseases such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and Alzheimer's disease. Because many complex diseases are late-onset, the frequencies of disease susceptibility alleles are expected to decrease in the healthy elderly individuals of the population at large because of their contribution to disease morbidity and͞or mortality. To test this assumption, we compared allele frequencies of 6,500 singlenucleotide polymorphisms ( single-nucleotide polymorphism ͉ protein kinase A ͉ health risk factor ͉ cardiac dysfunction ͉ morbidity