Thermoelectric materials are solid-state energy converters whose combination of thermal, electrical, and semiconducting properties allows them to be used to convert waste heat into electricity or electrical power directly into cooling and heating. These materials can be competitive with fluid-based systems, such as two-phase air-conditioning compressors or heat pumps, or used in smaller-scale applications such as in automobile seats, night-vision systems, and electrical-enclosure cooling. More widespread use of thermoelectrics requires not only improving the intrinsic energy-conversion efficiency of the materials but also implementing recent advancements in system architecture. These principles are illustrated with several proven and potential applications of thermoelectrics.

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This paper describes the development of a modeling tool used for design and analysis of the building blocks of thermoelectric generators (TEGs). The described model captures the performance of a thermoelectric couple at varying loads and temperatures. The model includes the effects of interfacial resistances and other thermal losses. Validation experiments have been conducted, and the results are discussed. Once validated, the model was then used to design a 10% efficient segmented TEG, which was then built and tested. With this effective design tool along with improving thermoelectric material performance, a 14% efficient TEG is within reach.

This paper describes the development of a high-power-density thermoelectric generator (TEG) with a power output of greater than 100 W. Previous papers have described the development of the generator made of high-power-density TE couples. In this discussion, initial thermal cycling results for the TE couples are described. The building blocks are then scaled and integrated into a complete TEG. The design, build, and test of the TEG are discussed. The highpower-density design produces power at greater than 250 W/L and 80 W/kg. Test results are shown for varying flow rates, temperatures, and electrical loads.

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