3(R)-Hydroxyoxylipins are produced via an aspirin-sensitive pathway in Candida albicans, an abundant pathogen in vulvovaginal candidiasis. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of aspirin on vaginal isolates of C. albicans from patients with recurrent candidiasis. Aspirin alone and with clotrimazole, a commonly used drug, strongly suppressed growth of C. albicans. 3(R)-Hydroxyoxylipins, which were selectively located in hyphae and other filamentous structures, but not in free blastospores, were almost totally suppressed by aspirin. Moreover, C. albicans stimulated prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in HeLa cells. PGE(2) is a stimulus for germ tube formation in C. albicans. We conclude therefore that the administration of aspirin should be beneficial in the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis by dual ways: (i) by inhibition of 3(R)-hydroxyoxylipin formation, and (ii) by inhibition of PGE(2) formation in the infected host tissue.
. As we understand from this publication, Potter and co-workers prepared fatty acid methyl esters of the extracted yeast lipids using a standard transesterification protocol. Transesterification is the chemical process of converting one ester, in this case the glycerol esters of the yeast lipids (such as triglycerides), into other esters, such as fatty acid methyl esters, which can be used in gas chromatography analysis (1).In our experience, free unesterified 3-OH oxylipins (i.e. free 3-OH fatty acids) are present in only very small amounts in yeasts. We could only qualitatively establish their presence in most yeasts (2). It was found that, when we transesterified the total yeast lipid fraction, the free oxylipins that were esterified, were dwarfed by the other esterified fatty acids (previously linked to triglycerides, phospholipids, etc.). This happened to such an extent that it is impossible to obtain sufficient separation and mass spectrometry identification. Therefore, in order to analyse free yeast oxylipins, it is important that a strategy is followed whereby the free fatty acid portion is selectively targeted for analysis, while the esterified fatty acids, which usually form the bulk of cellular lipids (part of triglycerides, phospholipids, etc.), are not included in the analysis. In the case of the free unesterified 3-OH oxylipins, we first methylated with diazomethane, which only attacks acid functional groups while hydroxyl groups are normally unaffected. This was followed by trimethylsilylation of the hydroxyl group with bis-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. This sequence of derivatization was followed to minimize side reactions (3).Previously we isolated a novel unesterified 3-OH oxylipin from the yeast Dipodascopsis uninucleata, which was successfully analysed after the methyl-and methyl-trimethyl-silyl derivatives of the samples were prepared as above (4). From this work, this novel free 3-OH oxylipin was chemically synthesized by various researchers for successful bioactivity studies (2).We suggest that the authors adapt their method so that they selectively target free unesterified oxylipins in the yeast lipid fractions of interest. Here the methods disclosed in Barrow and Taylor (3) may be followed. Our experience shows that yeasts contain these oxylipins that are known to be produced via beta-oxidation -a basic function of cells (1). Such research is of utmost importance to elucidate the role of 3-OH oxylipins in flocculation. 8,11, from the yeast Dipodascopsis uninucleata UOFS-Y128. FEBS Lett., 283,[195][196][197][198]
There is a sufficient body of work documenting the distribution of 3-hydroxy oxylipins in microbes. However, there is limited information on the role of these compounds in microbial pathogenesis. When derived from mammalian cells, these compounds regulate patho-biological processes, thus an understanding of 3-hydroxy oxylipin function and metabolism could prove important in shedding light on how these compounds mediate cellular pathology and physiology. This could present 3-hydroxy oxylipin biosynthetic pathways as targets for drug development. In this minireview, we interrogate the relevant yeast and bacterial 3-hydroxy oxylipin literature in order to appreciate how these compounds may influence the inflammatory response leading to disease development.
Evaluation of fluorine additive effect on cationic UV-nanoimprint resin J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 29, 06FC04 (2011); 10.1116/1.3653513 45 nm hp line/space patterning into a thin spin coat film by UV nanoimprint based on condensation J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28, C6M12 (2010); 10.1116/1.3507882 30 -nm -wide aluminum nanowire grid for ultrahigh contrast and transmittance polarizers made by UVnanoimprint lithography Interferometric in situ alignment for UV-based nanoimprint
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