Background/Aim: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the spread of a novel disease COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. As of 12 June, there have been more than 7.4 million COVID-19 cases and more than 418,000 COVID-19 deaths globally. This paper represents epidemiological analysis of the first 100 days of COVID-19 epidemic in the Republic of Srpska. Methods: Data of all COVID-19 cases confirmed in the Republic of Srpska between 4 March and 12 June were collected from epidemiological and laboratory testing reports obtained from the Public Health Institute of the Republic of Srpska. This cross-sectional analysis was carried out on a sample of 1,607 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, which included: summary of patient characteristics, examination of age distributions and sex ratios, calculation of case fatality and mortality rates, incidence rates analysis, epidemiological curve construction and subgroup analysis. Results: Over 100 days after the first case was confirmed, the total number of infected patients in the Republic of Srpska rose to 1,607 (31,471 persons had been tested). As of 12 June, 69.9 % of those cases has recovered. During that period there were 117 confirmed deaths (average age 72 years; 60.7 % males; 86 % older than 60 years; 94 % with at least one comorbidity). The sex ratio among the confirmed cases was 0.95:1 (48.7 % men vs 51.3 % women). Infections were less common in persons below 20 years of age (7.3 % of all confirmed cases) and the majority of the affected persons were in the group 40-69 years of age. As much as 86 % of all death cases occurred in persons older than 60 years (average age 72 years) and 94 % of all death cases had at least one underlying condition (mostly cardiovascular diseases, 79.5 %). Conclusion: Evaluating the clinical data of COVID-19 patients, finding the source of infection and studying the behavior of the disease is crucial for understanding of the pandemic.
The existing violence and injuries among school children indicate a clear need for improvement of mutual communication and tolerance among pupils and involvement of all relevant community members: parents, teachers, health workers and the entire society in health education of school children.
Background: Large-scale epidemics of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) have been reported mostly in Asia and Europe, with around 100,000 people affected each year. In the Southeast Europe, Balkan region, HFRS is endemic disease with approximately 100 cases per year. Our aim was to describe epidemiological characteristics of HFRS in five Western Balkan (WB) countries and to describe correlation between HFRS incidence and major meteorological event that hit the area in May 2014.
Kratak sadržajUvod. Populacija muškaraca koji imaju seksualne odnose sa muškarcima (MSM) predstavlja posebno osjetljivu grupu za prenos HIV-a i drugih polno prenosivih infekcija.Vulnerabilnost se povećava usljed rizičnog ponašanja, marginalizovanja, stigmatizovanja kao i nedostupnosti zdravstveno-socijalne zaštite. Cilj rada je bio da se procijeni prevalencija HIV-a i odabranih polno prenosivih infekcija te ispitaju znanje, stavovi i ponašanje u odnosu na HIV/ polno prenosive infekcije u MSM populaciji u Bosni i Hercegovini, kao i da se dobijeni rezultati uporede sa istraživanjima iz 2008. i 2010. godine.Metode. Istraživanje je provedeno kao bio-bihejvioralna studija prevalencije u MSM populaciji. Obuhvaćena su ukupno 333 ispitanika, u šest gradova Bosne i Hercegovine. Istraživanje je sprovedeno u periodu septembar -decembar 2012. godine, kroz dobrovoljno, anonimno i povjerljivo anketiranje. Nakon informisanog pristanka i obavljenog savjetovanja, uzet je biološki materijal za laboratorijsko testiranje na HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C i sifilis.Rezultati. Istraživanje je pokazalo prisutnost rizičnog ponašanja u MSM populaciji: multipli partneri (prosječno tri različita slučajna partnera u proteklih mjesec dana), nezaštićeni seksualni odnosi (samo 20% ispitanika redovno koristi kondom sa stalnim partnerom, 37% sa slučajnim partnerom, 4,6% pri oralnom odnosu), seksualni odnosi pod uticajem alkohola (69,6% ispitanika) i droga (26,7% ispitanika) u poslednjih šest mjeseci, seksualni odnosi i sa ženskim osobama (45,5% ). Uprkos prisutnosti rizičnog ponašanja, 14,8% ispitanika smatra da rizik od prenošenja HIV-a ne postoji, a 41,3% da je nizak. Serološka ispitivanja pokazuju i dalje nizak nivo HIV/polno prenosivih infekcija u MSM populaciji u BiH.Zaključak. Iako postoji porast zaštitnog seksualnog ponašanja i učestalije HIV testiranje u odnosu na ranije periode, to nije dovoljno za održavanje niskog nivoa infekcije HIV/polno prenosivih infekcija. Dobijeni podaci pružaju osnovne smjernice za buduća istraživanja i formiranje preventivnih programa.Ključne riječi: prevalencija, HIV, polno prenosive infekcije, muškarci koji imaju seks sa muškarcima
Introduction: Mumps is a systemic viral infection characterized by swelling of salivary glands, especially the parotid ones. Gonads, meninges, pancreas and other organs may also be affected. Aims of the study: The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps meningitis in the last epidemic of mumps in the Republic of Srpska, and to analyze the frequency of mumps meningitis and vaccination status in patients who were supposed to be vaccinated against mumps in the war and early postwar period, and also in those patients who were supposed to be vaccinated before or after this period. Patients and Methods: The study included 175 patients divided in the experimental group (140 patients with mumps meningitis) and the control group (35 patients with serous meningitis of other etiology, probably enteroviral). We compared epidemiological characteristics of these patients and additionally we analyzed the differences in these characteristics in patients with different vaccination status. Results: The mean age of patients in the experimental group was 20.0 years (18.0-24.5; IQ), and in the control group 7.0 years (5.0-14.0; IQ) (p <0.001). Patients born between 1985 and 1996 more frequently suffered from meningitis (p <0.001) caused with mumps virus than other patients in the experimental group. There was no statistically significant difference in sex distribution between patients in the experimental and control group (p = 0.746), nor between patients in the experimental group with previously different vaccination status (p = 0.371). Most patients in the experimental group didn't have data of their immunization status. The subsequent are those patients who received only one dose of vaccine, followed by unvaccinated patients and those who were vaccinated correctly. Conclusion: The epidemic of mumps during 2011 and 2012 is a consequence of maintaining the virus in non-vaccinated population (mainly because of the omissions made during the war and early postwar period) and insufficient duration of protection after vaccination, especially in vaccination with one dose of vaccine.
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