This study analyzed the effects of the combined psychological characteristics of risk-taking and sensation seeking on the travel behavior and preferred tourist activities of young adults on leisure trips. The results of this cross-cultural study, which was conducted among 1,429 students at 11 universities located in 11 different countries, found that respondents with high combined risk-taking and sensation seeking (RSS) scores differed significantly in their travel behavior, mode of destination choice, preferred tourist activities and demographics, from those who had low RSS scores. The study also discovered a significant difference between nationalities on RSS scores.

The Chinese Dream presented by president Xi Jinping focused on the renewal of the Chinese nation, the prosperity of the country and the well-being of its people. Incorporating the global influence ambition of China into nation-building and education, this study employed a macro policy analysis approach to synthesize the effects of the state-led ideals on nation-building and the roles to be played by higher education. A total of nine comprehensive policies, covering the period 1985 to 2017, and receptive to globalization, nation-building and higher education were selected. The findings revealed that nation-building in the post-Moa era is built upon three critical priority determinants labelled global influence, socialist market economy and talent management. These core nation-building determinants delineate specific higher education guidelines in terms of citizen education, science and technology, talent management, and innovation amidst accelerating global modernization and freedom-of-mind requirement for the establishment of a socialist consultative democracy. The findings further offer direction to higher education for the provision of a fit-for-purpose workforce capable of operating in both a modern global and local market.

Higher education internationalization (HEI) has become an important priority for global decision makers and education providers. Persuaded by globalization, HEI is a political strategy and economic prospect for countries, governments, and universities to position themselves in global markets. The purpose of this paper is to provide a methodological pathway to develop a dynamic, reformed South African HEI framework based on the transformative drive (i.e., adjustment of change, learning, shared knowledge, internationalization, globalization an institutionalized memory) of HEI in China. The interpretivist paradigm constitutes the basic research approach.Quantitative and qualitative data will be collected, analyzed, and integrated using a multiphase mixed methods approach. This approach consists of three phases including content analysis (Phase I), in-depth interviews (Phase II), and surveys (Phase III), which answers the focal research question. The significance of this research includes creating a better understanding of South African higher education (HE) policy issues from a transformational perspective, contributing to theory on how internationalization affects HE's position in economic and social development and broadening knowledge and understanding of the unique circumstances and challenges of HEI in developing countries, particularly in countries seeking to position themselves in the globalized knowledge economy.Acknowledgements: The authors wish to extend their sincere gratitude to Hebei University of Technology and Tshwane University of Technology for their support and financial contribution.

This article first identifies the principal forces that impact on and shape entrepreneurially-oriented higher education institutions (HEIs) in South Africa, and then analyses the degree to which those institutions have succeeded in becoming entrepreneurial. The results reveal that South Africa's HEIs are still in the initial phases of entrepreneurial development. This is attributable largely to factors particular to a developing country in a social transformational phase and faced with restricted social and economic capital.

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