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OBJECTIVE Reports on supratentorial extraventricular ependymoma (STE) are relatively rare. The object of this study was to analyze the clinical, radiological, and histological features and treatment outcomes of 14 patients with STE. METHODS Overall, 227 patients with ependymoma underwent surgical treatment in the authors' department between January 2010 and June 2015; 14 of these patients had STE. Data on clinical presentation, radiological studies, histopathological findings, surgical strategies, and treatment outcomes in these 14 cases were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS The patients consisted of 6 women and 8 men (sex ratio 0.75). Mean age at diagnosis was 24.5 ± 13.5 years (range 3-48 years). Tumors were predominantly located in the frontal and temporal lobes (5 and 4 cases, respectively). Typical radiological features were mild to moderate heterogeneous tumor enhancements on contrast-enhanced MRI. Other radiological features included well-circumscribed, "popcorn" enhancement and no distinct adjoining brain edema. Gross-total resection was achieved in 12 patients, while subtotal removal was performed in 2. Radiotherapy was administered in 7 patients after surgery. Seven tumors were classified as WHO Grade II and the other 7 were verified as WHO Grade III. The mean follow-up period was 22.6 months (range 8-39 months). There were 3 patients with recurrence, and 2 of these patients died. CONCLUSIONS Supratentorial extraventricular ependymoma has atypical clinical presentations, various radiological features, and heterogeneous histological forms; therefore, definitive diagnosis can be difficult. Anaplastic STE shows malignant biological behavior, a higher recurrence rate, and a relatively poor prognosis. Gross-total resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy is currently the optimal treatment for STE.

Background: Although aberrant expression of MRPS16 (mitochondrial ribosomal protein S16) contributes to biological dysfunction, especially mitochondrial translation defects, the status of MRPS16 and its correlation with prognosis in tumors, especially glioma, which is a common, morbid and frequently lethal malignancy, are still controversial. Methods: Herein, we used high-throughput sequencing to identify the target molecule MRPS16. Subsequently, we detected MRPS16 protein and mRNA expression levels in normal brain tissue (NBT) and different grades of glioma tissue. The molecular effects of MRPS16 in glioma cells were tested by Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), EdU, CCK-8, colony formation, Transwell migration and invasion assays. Results: Intriguingly, we found that MRPS16 knockdown suppressed tumor cell growth, migration and invasion. Conversely, MRPS16 over-expression increased tumor cell growth, migration and invasion. In addition, subsequent mechanistic studies indicated that MRPS16 promoted glioma cell growth, migration and invasion by the activating PI3K/AKT/Snail axis. Furthermore, we observed that the decrease in tumor cell growth, migration, invasion and Snail expression mediated by MRPS16 knockdown could be rescued by Snail over-expression. Conclusion: In short, our data demonstrate that MRPS16 over-expression remarkably promotes tumor cell growth, migration and invasion via the PI3K/AKT/Snail axis, which may be a promising prognostic marker for glioma.

Our results suggest that simple MVD is effective for TN caused by VBD. MVD plus SPPR can be cautiously performed if patient has advanced age and is susceptible to numbness.