Quedas têm sido referidas como importante fator de risco para redução da capacidade funcional em indivíduos idosos. Por sua alta prevalência nesta população, um dos objetivos das pesquisas foi delinear a queda sob seus aspectos causais e respectivas consequências. Com base nessas definições, é possível apontar perspectivas para a atuação da saúde na mitigação dos efeitos deste evento, bem como reduzir o alto gasto hospitalar destes idosos para a saúde pública. Dentro da lógica citada, este trabalho traz algumas das principais considerações e consensos da atualidade sobre queda, a partir da análise de pesquisas recentes. Tem como objetivo propor uma visão ampliada, capaz de divulgar os aspectos ligados à queda que são de interesse comum a todos os profissionais de saúde que lidam com essa população. Metodologia: utilizaram-se as bases Cochrane, Pubmed e Medline para busca das informações pretendidas através de descritores correspondentes às palavras Envelhecimento e Quedas e tendo como limite os anos 2009 a 2013. Resultados: Definiu-se para esta discussão os artigos ligados a aspectos epidemiológicos, fatores associados, consequências da queda, prevenção e intervenção nas quedas. Conclusão: Em resumo, o suporte multiprofissional está alicerçado nas práticas preventivas de quedas e necessita, portanto, de uma postura compartilhada de informações entre os profissionais da saúde que trabalham com este público.
BackgroundBody composition (BC) in the elderly has been associated with diseases and mortality; however, there is a shortage of data on frailty in the elderly.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between BC and frailty, and identify BC profiles in nonfrail, prefrail, and frail elderly people.MethodsA cross-sectional study comprising 235 elderly (142 females and 93 males) aged ≥65 years, from the city of Amparo, State of São Paulo, Brazil, was undertaken. Sociodemographic and cognitive features, comorbidities, medication, frailty, body mass index (BMI), muscle mass, fat mass, bone mass, and fat percent (%) data were evaluated. Aiming to examine the relationship between BC and frailty, the Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests were applied. The statistical significance level was P<0.05.ResultsThe nonfrail elderly showed greater muscle mass and greater bone mass compared with the prefrail and frail ones. The frail elderly had greater fat % than the nonfrail elderly. There was a positive association between grip strength and muscle mass with bone mass (P<0.001), and a negative association between grip strength and fat % (P<0.001). Gait speed was positively associated with fat mass (P=0.038) and fat % (P=0.002). The physical activity level was negatively associated with fat % (P=0.022). The weight loss criterion was positively related to muscle mass (P<0.001), bone mass (P=0.009), fat mass (P=0.018), and BMI (P=0.003). There was a negative association between fatigue and bone mass (P=0.008).Discussion: Frailty in the elderly was characterized by a BC profile/phenotype with lower muscle mass and lower bone mass and with a higher fat %. The BMI was not effective in evaluating the relationship between BC and frailty. The importance of evaluating the fat % was verified when considering the tissue distribution in the elderly BC.
ResumoRealizou-se revisão da literatura sobre quedas em idosos de comunidade, identificando prevalência, fatores de risco e consequências associadas ao cair, bem como triagem, avaliação e medidas preventivas às quedas na velhice. Foram selecionadas publicações indexadas nas bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis e Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), por meio do PubMed; Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), relativas ao período de 2008 a 2012, sendo analisadas 41 referências. As evidências levantadas neste estudo destacam as quedas como condição de grande complexidade e que impõe grande desafio para idosos e profissionais da saúde. Ressalta-se a importância da identificação e do manejo dos fatores determinantes e das consequências associadas ao cair, juntamente com o delineamento de estratégias preventivas multifatoriais frente aos idosos vulneráveis ao cair e entre os idosos com história de quedas recorrentes. AbstractA review of the literature on falls in community-dwelling elderly was conducted, identifying prevalence, risk factors and consequences associated to falls, as well as screening, assessment and preventive measures to falls in old age. We selected publications indexed in the following data bases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), both consulted through PubMed; (Lilacs) Latin-American and Caribean Science of Health) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), from 2008 to 2012; 41 references were analyzed. The evidences surveyed in this study highlight falls as a condition of great complexity that imposes great challenge for elderly and health professionals. We emphasize the importance of identification and management of determinant factors and consequences associated with falls, coupled with the design of multifactorial preventive strategies for elderly vulnerable to falls and among those with history of recurrent falls.Palavras-chave: Idoso. Acidentes por Quedas. Prevenção.
The results suggest that students closer to the end of the undergraduate course show a higher possibility of presenting some cardiovascular risk factors than those just entering the university environment. Therefore, prevention programs and health promotion during the undergraduate course should be investigated.
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