Nickel-rich layered oxide cathode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries have received much attention recently because of their high specific capacities and significant reduction of cost. However, these cathodes are facing a fundamental challenge of loss in performance as a result of surface lithium residue, side reactions with the electrolyte and structure rearrangement upon long-term cycling. Herein, by capturing the lithium residue on the surface of LiNiCoMnO (NCM) cathode material as Li source, we propose a hybrid coating strategy incorporating lithium ions conductor LiAlO with superconductor LiTiO to overcome those obstinate issues. By taking full advantage of this unique hybrid nanomembrane coating architecture, both the lithium ion diffusion ability and electronic conductivity of LiNiCoMnO cathode material are improved, resulting in remarkably enhanced electrochemical performances during high voltage operation, including good cycle performance, high reversible capacity, and excellent rate capability. A high initial discharge capacity of 227 mAh g at 4.4 V cutoff voltage with Coulombic efficiency of 87.3%, and reversible capacity of 200 mAh g with 98% capacity retention after 100 cycles at a current density of 0.5 C can be attained. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the synergetic contribution from the removal of lithium residues and the unique hybrid nanomembrane coating architecture. Most importantly, this surface modification technique could save some cost, simplify the technical procedure, and show great potential to optimize battery performance, apply in a large scale and extend to all nickel-rich cathode material.

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Residual Li and oxygen vacancies in Ni-rich cathode materials have a great influence on electrochemical performance, yet their role is still poorly understood. Herein, by simply adjusting the oxygen flow during the high-temperature sintering process, some Li 2 O can be carried into the exhaust gas and the contents of residual Li and oxygen vacancies in LiNi 0.825 Co 0.115 Mn 0.06 O 2 cathodes can be accurately controlled. Residual Li reduces the surficial Li + diffusion coefficient, thereby limiting the rate property of the cathode. Oxygen vacancies affect the oxygen release energy in the crystal, and the lowest oxygen release energy is found at an oxygen vacancy concentration of 8.35%, resulting in an unstable structure and thereby poor cycle performance. The Ni-rich cathode with low residual Li and oxygen vacancy contents exhibits superior capacity retention (89.55 and 77.66%) at 2C after 300 cycles between 2.7−4.3 and 2.7−4.5 V. These findings clarify the role of residual Li and oxygen vacancies in Ni-rich cathode materials and provide a simple way to obtain high-performance Ni-rich cathodes for high-energy-density Li-ion batteries.

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Abstract:The objective of this study was to investigate the macroscopic spray characteristics of different 0%-100% blends of biodiesel derived from drainage oil and diesel (BD0, BD20, BD50, BD80, BD100), such as spray tip penetration, average tip velocity at penetration, spray angle, average spray angle, spray evolution process, spray area and spray volume under different injection pressures (60, 70, 80, 90, 100 MPa) and ambient pressures (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9 MPa) using a common rail system equipped with a constant volume chamber. The characteristic data was extracted from spray images grabbed by a high speed visualization system. The results showed that the ambient pressure and injection pressure had significant effects on the spray characteristics. As the ambient pressure increased, the spray angle increased, while the spray tip penetration and the peak of average tip velocity decreased. As the injection pressure increased, the spray tip penetration, spray angle, spray area and spray volume increased. The increasing blend ratio of biodiesel brought about a shorter spray tip penetration and a smaller spray angle compared with those of diesel. This is due to the comparatively higher viscosity and surface tension of biodiesel, which enhanced the friction effect between fuel and the injector nozzle surface and inhibited the breakup of the liquid jet.

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